BELLWORK: December 3rd How did German leadership exploit the military weakness of Russia? Impact on Battle of Tannenberg? How did Italy joining the Allied side impact both Central and Allied war strategy? What was the goal of the Battle of Gallipoli? Was it accomplished? Describe the Homefront during WWI. How did this contribute to the notion of “total war?” How was war at sea fought? Who had the advantage? THINKER: How did the topography of the Eastern Front make fighting more efficient than that on the Western Front?

WWI: Eastern Front Operations

Eastern Front Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottomans (Turkey) After Russia mobilized quickly, Germany had to divert troops East Limited success Pattern  Russians could defeat Austrians, but not the Germans, and Germans had to keep coming to aide of Austrians Russia’s position worsened once Turkey joined (cut main supply route through the Dardanelles)

German Leadership Generals Hindenburg & Ludendorff exploited animosity between two Russian Generals  Encircled each Russian group individually at Battle of Tannenberg  Forced Russian retreat and massive casualties

A week after their victory at Tannenberg, the Germans launched an offensive attack on Russian First Army and win! Russia withdrew to protect encirclement  regrouped before attacking A-H

Treaty of London: April 1915 Secret pact between the Triple Entente and Italy Form alliance with Italy against its former allies (Germany/A-H) Promised land of Austria-Hungary & funding from Britain Better than what A-H could offer them  agreed to contribute 36 million men.

How did Italy joining the Allied side impact both Central and Allied war strategy?

Outcome of the Treaty of London The secret provisions were published by the Bolsheviks when they came to power in Russia in late 1917. The pact was nullified by the Treaty of Versailles. Mainly because President Wilson fought for self-determination post-WWI (he believed the Pact of London had been arrived at by secret contract, hence was not valid) Italian delegation staged a walk-out and protest of the Treaty for several months. Post-war, Italy considered this an “inexcusable betrayal” by it’s Allies and began to support radical, nationalist governments that promised change (i.e. Mussolini & Fascism)

Diversionary Fronts Balkan Front Italian Front Bulgaria joins and invades Serbia; Allies launch offensive in Greece Italian Front Placed heavy burden on Austrians (deploy ½ of forces) Turkey & Middle East Fronts Allies attempt to force Turkish surrender & gain control of Dardanelles  aide Russia!

Battle of Gallipoli (2/1915 – 1/1916) Britain and France launch offensive attack on the Ottoman Empire (navy bombardment  amphibious landing) Goal: Protect the Dardanelles (trade w/ Russia) and take capital of Istanbul Massive contributions by Australia and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Ottomans commanded by Mustafa Kemal  rose to prominence After eight months, the Allies were pushed back (only major Ottoman victory of the war) due to bad intelligence, poor navigation, failed landings, rough terrain, and leadership of Kemal Impact on OE: Led to defiance of the government, economic instability, and formed the basis for the Turkish War of Independence

Describe the Homefront during WWI Describe the Homefront during WWI. How did this contribute to the notion of “total war?” Industrial resources Education Agricultural resources Expansion of government powers Propaganda Human resources = draft!

How was war at sea fought? Who had the advantage? Two goals Protect shipping/trade routes Blockade enemy = economic destruction Germany had two major disadvantages: Numerically Geographically To counter this, Germany used hit-and-run naval tactics to avoid engaging entire British Fleet until….. Battle of Jutland

How was aircraft used as support for naval/land warfare?

Battle of Jutland May 1916 Germany tried to lure British ships into a trap Britain deciphered German radio signals and sent more ships 250 ships exchanged artillery fire Germany forced to retreat; did not destroy British fleet Both sides realized that they had too much to lose if they waged a head-on naval battle  stick to submarine warfare/mines!

WWI Operations Marne Verdun Somme Passchendaele Ypres Tannenberg Gallipoli Jutland

WWI Operations Review Poster Project In order to review the key operations on the Western front, you will work in a group to create a poster in order to re-teach the class about your conflict. You need to explain the battle in more detail than the reading, so additional research is necessary! Your poster needs to focus on: A SUMMARY of the battle Important weaponry/technological developments used in this battle The outcome/effects Why was this battle important? It also needs to be visually appealing – organized, legible, etc. It is worth 30 points – everyone needs to contribute equally and demonstrate content understanding. Due on Monday!