TAV Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins 1945-1960

The origins of the cold war Chapter 22 Section 1 The origins of the cold war

Yalta Conference Feb. 1945 – Dispute over what to do with the Polish Govt. Polish Govt. had fled to GB when Germany took over. After the Soviets liberated Poland they set a Communist Govt. Debate over which was the legitimate leaders of Poland

FDR and Churchill agreed to recognize the Soviet based Govt FDR and Churchill agreed to recognize the Soviet based Govt. after Stalin agreed to place some of the prewar leaders in the Govt. Also hold free elections as soon as poss.

Declaration of Liberated Europe People choose their Govt. Temporary Govts. until elections can take place

Dividing Germany Germany would be divided into 4 sections Berlin too would be divided into 4 zones also

Romania 2 weeks after Yalta the Soviets forced Romania to set up a Communist Govt. The Soviets wanted to keep Germany weak and insure that they would have a buffer zone with the countries between the USSR and Germany

FDR Dies Truman became takes a strong anti-Communist stand Demands that Poland have free elections

Potsdam Conference July 1945, Truman and Stalin meet near Berlin Agreements made on equipment for food shipments as reparations

Iron Curtain Stalin pronounces that the countries that it occupies will have the economic system that they want. Satellite nations

Chapter 22 Section 2 Early cold war years

The Long Telegram Sent by George Kennan Soviet insecurity Containment

Truman Doctrine Truman pledged to give support to any country that resisted subjugation from outside forces March 12, 1947, $400 million to aid Turkey and Greece

The Marshall Plan George C. Marshall proposed having countries make plans on how they plan to rebuild their infrastructure and the US would pay for it. Satellite nations were not allowed by the Soviets to take part 11 billion

Berlin Airlift US, GB, & France decide to issue a common currency & merge their zones of Germany and Berlin. The Soviets decide to block off the routes through the Soviet zone into the western section of Berlin. From June 1948 to May of 1949 The US dropped in supplies to Berliners who were in the western zones

NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization 12 countries join and pledge protection to one another 6 years later West Germany was allowed to rearm and join NATO The Soviets react by forming the Warsaw Pact w. the satellite countries

Nuclear Expansion Sept. 1949, the Soviet Union announces that they have successfully detonated a nuclear bomb.

Chinese Revolution Communists led by Mao Zedong overthrew the Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek Oct 1949 Chiang is forced to the island of Taiwan US only recognizes Taiwan as China

The Korean War Following WW II, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel Soviets took the north and the US took the south June 25, 1950, N. Korean troops crossed into the S.

UN Action UN troops led by the US were sent to stop the N. Koreans Troops push back from Pusan and Marines invaded behind enemy lines at Inchon. Pushed back to the Yalu River causing the Chinese to invade to help the N. Koreans

Communist Attack Communist Chinese & N. Koreans pushed the UN forces back below the 38th MacArthur wanted to use nuclear bombs against China for entering the war. Truman wanted to keep it a limited war MacArthur publicly criticized Truman for his approach to the war April 1951, Macarthur was fired for insubordination

Truman wanted to keep it a limited war MacArthur publicly criticized Truman for his approach to the war April 1951, Macarthur was fired for insubordination

Eisenhower Eisenhower runs promising to end the war in Korea July 1953 armistice is signed 33,600 American soldiers were killed

SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Defensive treaty w. countries Asia Led to aid for France fighting Communists in Vietnam

The Cold war & American Society Chapter 22 Section 3 The Cold war & American Society

Second Red Scare Sept 1945, Igor Gouzenko defected and warned of Soviet plans to gain information through people who were in Govt. agencies.

Loyalty Program Govt. employees were screened for loyalty to the US Govt. 2,000 employees quit their jobs 212 people were fired

HUAC House Un-American Activities Committee To investigate Communist and Fascist activities

HUAC & Hollywood 1947 hearings were held to investigate Communists in Hollywood Pres. Of the Screen Actors Guild, Ronald Reagan testified that there were Communists in Hollywood Also stated that Hollywood could police itself US govt should be strong enough to withstand the internal threat

Alger Hiss 1948, Whittaker Chambers testified that several Govt officials were communists or spies Alger Hiss was identified Denied involvement but evidence was produced proving accusations were true Charged w. perjury Bc. statute of limitations had run out for spying.

Rosenbergs Julius and Ethel were members of the Communist party and helped ferry top secret nuclear information to the Soviets. Charged w. espionage and sentenced to death

Many thought they were innocent but later the Venona Papers proved they were guilty. Venona was not revealed to the public until 1995. Executed in June 1953

McCarthy Senator from Wisconsin Feb 1950, announced that he had a list of 205 people who were Communists influencing State Dept policy

Soon anyone who did not agree w McCarthy would be accused of being Communist Began looking for Communists in the Army Joseph Welch challenged him & led to his down-fall

Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies Ch 22 Section 4 Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies

Eisenhower Massive retaliation was the threat of using atomic weapons against our enemies. Brinkmanship was being willing to push an issue to the point of going to war if needed.

Nuclear Threats Eisenhower’s veiled threat of using nuclear weapons caused the Chinese and N. Koreans to sign an armistice Taiwan China threatened that they would take Taiwan & Eisenhower hinted at using nuclear bombs to protect Taiwan

Suez Crisis Egypt took over the canal which was operated by a British and French company GB and France invaded Egypt but the US convinced them to stand down Egypt began working w the Soviets and soon other Arab nations did so too.

U2 Francis Gary Powers