A Conservation Plan for Cambodia STUDENT NUMBER: 3607982 BDC332 PRACTICAL FACULTY: NATURAL SCIENCES NOVEMBER 2018 Please use this template to answer your Practical Exam Question. Ensure you have YOUR STUDENT NUMBER on the Title Page and this PowerPoint file is renamed to reflect your student number and the country you analysed. The completed PowerPoint needs to be put onto a computer and you attach your name to the computer. The data includes that downloaded from IUCN Red Data List, DIVA GIS, WWF Ecoregions, Protected Planet, and ESRI. You may add images but please credit/attribute them using an in-text numbering system and a reference list on the final page. BCB/ESS Kingdom of Cambodia

Introduction Location MAP - Country Legend: Burma Laos Thailand Hanoi Legend: Burma - Country Laos Hainan - Capital - Ocean South China Sea Thailand Introduction Bangkok Cambodia Phnom Penh Andaman Sea Vietnam Gulf of Thailand N Prepare a location map using your GIS with a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a figure caption. Your map should include neighbouring countries and their Capital cities. please include an overview map. Figure 1: Location map of Cambodia, including the neighbouring countries Vietnam, Laos and Thailand as well as Capital cities and seas of the region.

Biodiversity description andthreats Biodiversity Assets of Cambodia: Cambodia is one of the most biodiverse countries in Southeast Asia 1 Cambodia is home to: 2 135 mammals 599 bird species 173 reptile species 72 amphibian species 955 marine and freshwater fish 4500 vascular plant species 350 species of moths and butterflies 8,260 plant species (10% of which may be endemic) 1 Cambodia has 7 Biodiversity Management Areas 2 Priority Conservation Area is the Cardamom Mountain Landscape, an area stretching 10,000km2 home to elephants, bears and gaur 1 Introduction Biodiversity Description: In summarized point form describe the country's biodiversity capital (assets) and threats to its biodiversity conservation. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO EXPLAIN THIS SECTION.

Biodiversity description andthreats Biodiversity Threats in Cambodia 3 Land conversion/deforestation Dams, roads and infrastructure Dredging in waterways Overfishing and illegal fishing techniques Illegal harvest of forest products Illegal wildlife trade. Introduction Biodiversity Description: In summarized point form describe the country's biodiversity capital (assets) and threats to its biodiversity conservation. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO EXPLAIN THIS SECTION.

CURRENT PROTECTED AREAS Methods Prepare a map of the current Protected Areas Network. The prepared map should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Figure 2: Current Protected Areas Network of Cambodia

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors Conservation Feature 1: Central Indochina Dry Forest Conservation Feature #1 Target: 10% SPF 10 Methods Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU WILL USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Figure 3: Conservation Feature 1 “Central Indochina Dry Forest”

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors Conservation Feature 2: Indochina Mangroves Conservation Feature #2 Target: 100% SPF 10 Methods Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU WILL USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Figure 4: Conservation Feature 2 “Indochina Mangroves”

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors Conservation Feature 3: Southeastern Indochina Dry Evergreen Forest Conservation Feature #3 Target: 40% SPF 10 Methods Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU WILL USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Figure 5: Conservation Feature 3 “Southeastern Indochina Dry Evergreen Forest”

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors Conservation Feature 4: Southern Annamites Mondane Rain Forest Conservation Feature #4 Target: 100% SPF 10 Methods Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU WILL USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Figure 6: Conservation Feature 4 “Southern Annamites Mondane Rain Forest”

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors Conservation Feature 5: Tonle Sap-Mekong Peat Swamp Forest Conservation Feature #5 Target: 50% SPF 10 Methods Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU WILL USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Figure 7: Conservation Feature 5 “Tonle Sap-Mekong Peat Swamp Forest”

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors Conservation Feature 6: Tonle Sap Freshwater Swamp Forest Conservation Feature #6 Target: 50% SPF 10 Methods Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU WILL USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Figure 8: Conservation Feature 6 “Tonle Sap Freshwater Swamp Forest”

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors Conservation Feature 7: Species 176669 Conservation Feature #7 Target: 60% SPF 10 Methods Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU WILL USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Figure 9: Conservation Feature 7 “Species 176669”

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors Conservation Feature 8: Species 48101708 Conservation Feature #8 Target: 100% SPF 10 Methods Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU WILL USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Figure 10: Conservation Feature 8 “Species 48101708”

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors Conservation Feature 9: Species 48101780 Conservation Feature #9 Target: 100% SPF 10 Methods Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU WILL USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Figure 11: Conservation Feature 9 “Species 48101780”

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors Conservation Feature 10: Species 103778254 Conservation Feature #10 Target: 80% SPF 10 Methods Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU WILL USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Figure 12: Conservation Feature 10 “Species 103778254”

CONSERVATION planning units (ecological) Preparation of Ecological Planning Unit: Open Diva, open khm_msk_alt.grd Export to Idrisi 32 file Open Idrisi, open khm_msk_alt.rst Select GIS Analysis > Surface Analysis > Feature Extraction > Watershed Input khm_msk_alt.rst, select output file name Select Area threshold 1000 Perform Pit Removal Overlay output file with Adm0 file and select first*second. Convert output from Raster to Vector File and then export to shape file Open ArchView and add layer for watershed and ecoregions Open Geoprocessing Wizard > Intersect two themes (watershed & ecoregions) Import generated shape file into idrisi and convert to RST Overlay RST with adm0 to generate final EPU Methods Prepare maps representing BOTH SYSTEMATIC and ECOLOGICAL PLANNING UNITS. You should prepare ONE slide for each type of Planning Units and explain how you prepared the Planning Units. The prepared map(s) should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS

CONSERVATION planning units (ecological) Methods Prepare maps representing BOTH SYSTEMATIC and ECOLOGICAL PLANNING UNITS. You should prepare ONE slide for each type of Planning Units and explain how you prepared the Planning Units. The prepared map(s) should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS Figure 13: Ecological Planning Units for Cambodia, based on Watershed and Ecoregion Data

CONSERVATION planning units (Systematic) Preparation of Systematic Planning Unit: Open ArchView Open Adm0 Select Feature Select Hexagon Symbol/ Repeating Shapes Follow wizard Select Area Index 0.015 Generate Hexagon map Result has 1128 Planning Units Methods Prepare maps representing BOTH SYSTEMATIC and ECOLOGICAL PLANNING UNITS. You should prepare ONE slide for each type of Planning Units and explain how you prepared the Planning Units. The prepared map(s) should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.

CONSERVATION planning units (Systematic) Methods Prepare maps representing BOTH SYSTEMATIC and ECOLOGICAL PLANNING UNITS. You should prepare ONE slide for each type of Planning Units and explain how you prepared the Planning Units. The prepared map(s) should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Figure 14: Systematic Planning Units made up of 1128 hexagons (please note colours do not carry any meaning, each hexagon makes up one planning unit).

CONSERVATION planning tenure Evaluating Protected areas Methods Figure 15: Tenure Map to assess efficiency of current Protected Areas Network (including North Arrow, Scale Bar and Colour Palette) Figure 16: Tenure Map to assess efficiency of current Protected Areas Network (original map used in Marxan) Prepare a Conservation Planning Tenures Map to ASSESS the efficiency of the EXISTING Protected Area Network: This needs to be prepared as a SINGLE ANNOTATED map which should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.

CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan Methods Prepare a Conservation Planning Tenures Map to ASSESS the complement (what needs to be added) to the EXISTING Protected Area Network: This needs to be prepared as a SINGLE ANNOTATED map which should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Figure 17: Tenure Map used to assess areas that need to be added to the existing Protected Areas Network in order to reach all conservation targets (including North Arrow, Scale Bar and Colour Palette) Figure 18: Tenure Map used to assess areas that need to be added to the existing Protected Areas Network in order to reach all conservation targets (actual map used in Marxan)

Systematic CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan shows strength in the helps to plan Evaluation of multiple scenarios shows Reserve Networks helps achieve allows to vary Methods shows Addition of reserve area to meet conservation targets Conservation Objectives at minimum cost Targets for each Conservation Feature Number and Types of Conservation Features Status of each planning unit Cost of each site Gaps in current Reserve Network Use this slide and simple drawings or flow diagrams to explain the core concepts of MARXAN. You should not use the IDRISI dialogue boxes. Ensure you use proper annotation and include a descriptive caption. Figure 19: The Core Concepts and Functions of Marxan

Systematic CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan Determining whether the current reserve network is protecting Cambodia’s endemic diversity: 4 MARXAN: Input and Output- To Assess the current protected networks: > Planning Unit Layer: Systematic Planning Units (SPU) OR Ecological Planning Units (EPU) > Species distribution layers, specify the raster Group File > Select the Target percentage: 50% > Penalty Factor (SPF): 10 The target percentage and SPF can be changed in order to generate the best possible reserve network Indicate that you wish to use a Planning Unit tenure Layer: Upload PAassess_Tenure (as shown in Figure 16). For this exercise, we will not be utilizing a land coast layer or boundary length file. > Specify and output prefix of: ASSESS_CURRENT_PA. >Click the continue button and the Marxan: Parameters panel will open. Methods In summarized point form describe the parameter options you should select for the final RUN of the MARXAN analysis. You may use dialogue boxes to explain this section. (You do not need to run MARXAN as it would take too long to do the runs).

Systematic CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan Determining whether the current reserve network is protecting Cambodia’s endemic diversity: 4 Marxan Parameters: > Repeat Runs: specify 1, we are using a low number because we are not allocating new areas but only evaluating the current protected areas > Species missing if proportion of target lower than : 0.95 (Specify in box) > Run Mode: “Use only Heuristic Option” > Specify Greedy-Heuristic Type >Click Run Marxan button Methods In summarized point form describe the parameter options you should select for the final RUN of the MARXAN analysis. You may use dialogue boxes to explain this section. (You do not need to run MARXAN as it would take too long to do the runs).

Systematic CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan Adding new Protected Areas to meet all Conservation Targets: 4 > Planning Unit Layer: Systematic Planning Units (SPU) OR Ecological Planning Units (EPU) > Species distribution layers, specify the raster Group File > Select the Target percentage: 50% > Penalty Factor (SPF): 10 The target percentage and SPF can be changed in order to generate the best possible reserve network Indicate that you wish to use a Planning Unit tenure Layer: Upload Tenure_Final (as shown in Figure 18). For this exercise, we will not be utilizing a land coast layer or boundary length file. > Specify and output prefix of: NEW_PA. We will not utilize a land cost layer. >Click the continue button and the Marxan: Parameters panel will open. Methods In summarized point form describe the parameter options you should select for the final RUN of the MARXAN analysis. You may use dialogue boxes to explain this section. (You do not need to run MARXAN as it would take too long to do the runs).

Systematic CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan   Marxan Parameters: > Indicate that you wish to use a Boundary Length File-in order to generate more compact reserves. > Set boundary length modifier to 2. > Repeat Runs: specify 1000 > Species missing if proportion of target lower than : 0.95 (Specify in box) > Run Mode: “Apply annealing followed by the iterative improvement” > Default settings for “Apply annealing followed by the iterative improvement” will be used. > Cost Threshold was not used for this exercise. >Click Run Marxan button Adding new Protected Areas to meet all Conservation Targets: 4 Methods In summarized point form describe the parameter options you should select for the final RUN of the MARXAN analysis. You may use dialogue boxes to explain this section. (You do not need to run MARXAN as it would take too long to do the runs).

Expected Results Systematic CONSERVATION planning Determining the efficiency of the current Protected Areas Network Expected Results Figure 20: Example of one Log File generated by Marxan showing multiple parameters related to the reserve and conservation features and targets (there are more files generated) Information provided by Marxan after the Analysis: Area of current reserve (in number of cells) For each conservation feature, the log file states if the target was met or not. If the target was not met, the exact cell number of the target is shown, as well as the cell number that is currently protected. This allows for correcting targets to ensure they are met. Explain using Diagrams the results you would expect to obtain from MARXAN. They do not need to be the actual results rather the form of the MARXAN outputs you would expect. You may use more than one slide to prepare this section.

Expected Results Systematic CONSERVATION planning 2. Newly added Reserve Areas to meet conservation targets Expected Results Figure 21: Example of a map generated by Marxan during this step. Green Areas are currently Protected Areas and blue areas need to be added for all Conservation Features to be protected adequately. Please note this is an example and not applicable to Cambodia, this map is showing reserves for Cuba, from a previous analysis. In addition to the map, log files are generated with particular information as to how much reserve area was added and how much reserve area is protecting each target. Explain using Diagrams the results you would expect to obtain from MARXAN. They do not need to be the actual results rather the form of the MARXAN outputs you would expect. You may use more than one slide to prepare this section.

Sources of data, attribution and acknowledgements 1 https://www.fauna-flora.org/countries/cambodia 2 https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/environmental-and-biodiversity- protection/#ref-74606-2 3 https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/biodiversity/ 4 Ball, I. R. and H. P. Possingham, (2000) MARXAN (V1.8.2): Marine Reserve Design Using Spatially Explicit Annealing, a Manual. References Ensure you provide full credit to source of information, Programs used, and referencing/attribution of referenced material. You may use more than one slide to prepared this section.