Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages (February 2015)

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Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 229-240 (February 2015) Freedom and Constraint in Engineered Noncolinear Polyketide Assembly Lines Yuki Sugimoto, Keishi Ishida, Nelly Traitcheva, Benjamin Busch, Hans-Martin Dahse, Christian Hertweck Chemistry & Biology Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 229-240 (February 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.12.014 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Chemistry & Biology 2015 22, 229-240DOI: (10. 1016/j. chembiol. 2014 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Structures of Nitrosubstituted Pyrone Metabolites from Streptomyces spp. The biosynthetic building blocks derived from p-nitrobenzoate, malonyl- and methylmalonyl-coenzyme A are highlighted with bold lines. The waved bracket indicates assembly of the substructure by a single module. Chemistry & Biology 2015 22, 229-240DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.12.014) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Iterative Modules in the nor and aur Assembly Lines (A) Model for neoaureothin assembly by the noncolinear nor PKS. (B) The first module can catalyze up to four elongations when taken out of the biosynthetic context. Chemistry & Biology 2015 22, 229-240DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.12.014) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Comparison of Three Homologous Biosynthetic Gene Clusters and Strategic Plan for Engineering the nor PKS Pathway (A) Organization of neoaureothin (nor), spectinabilin (spn) and aureothin (aur) biosynthesis gene clusters. (B) Reconstitution and activation of the nor gene cluster using three plasmids. Each arrow indicates the direction of transcription and relative sizes of the open reading frames. Deduced gene products: NorA-C, PKS; NorD, transcriptional regulator; NorE, acyl-coenzyme A ligase; NorF, N-oxygenase; NorG, p-aminobenzoic acid synthase; NorH, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase; NorI, methyltransferase; NorJ, unknown; NorR (putative AfsR-like regulator); NorZ (transporter major facilitator superfamily). (C) Traceless PKS gene cloning/engineering strategy to construct aur∗ and aur# PKSs. Chemistry & Biology 2015 22, 229-240DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.12.014) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 HPLC Monitoring of Metabolic Profiles of Pathway Engineered Mutants, Heterologous Host Strain, and Authentic Neoaureothin and Chemical Structures of Novel Metabolites Produced by the Mutants (A) HPLC profiles (UV 254 nm) of culture extract from heterologous neoaureothin producer (S. lividans ZX1::pNT42/pNT87/pYU1) (a), heterologous homoaureothin producer (S. lividans ZX1::pNT42/pYU50/pYU1) (b), heterologous host strain (S. lividans ZX1) (c), and authentic neoaureothin reference (d). Peaks marked with asterisks are derived from the E/Z isomers of compounds 1 in (a) and (d) and 6 in (b). (B) Chemical structures of the novel metabolites from the pathway engineered mutants, homoneoaureothin (5) and homoaureothin (6). Selected HMBC and COSY correlations are indicated by arrows and bold lines, respectively. Chemistry & Biology 2015 22, 229-240DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.12.014) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Domain Organization of nor PKS, Engineered nor PKSs, aur∗, aur#, and har PKS, and their Deduced Intermediates Chemistry & Biology 2015 22, 229-240DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.12.014) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Survey on Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Effects of Neoaureothin 1 and Aureothin 2 and Homologs, Homoneoaureothin 5 and Homoaureothin 6 (A) (a)Antifungal activity against Sporobolomyces salmonicolor, Candida albicans, and Penicillium notatum. (b) Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Mycobacterium vaccae. Am, amphotericin B; Cp, ciprofloxacin (inhibition zone in mm). (B) Cytostatic effect of neoaureothin 1, aureothin 2, homoneoaureothin 5, and homoaureothin 6 on (a) K-562 (myelogenous leukemia) cells and (b) HUVEC. Cells were seeded on the microplate well. After 72 hr incubation, the relative amount of treated cells was monitored versus the control (bold line). Chemistry & Biology 2015 22, 229-240DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.12.014) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions