D15 Which topic are you working on for your Political Cartoon / Editorial Letter? Explain your opinion:

U.S. History I Ch. 9.3 A Time of Conflict, Part I Goals for Today: Today we will: Discuss the importance of international trade as part of our American Economy Discuss how piracy has been an issue since the founding of our country Explain why Tecumseh built a Native American Confederacy

Trade: An American Tradition After having just won independence, the Empress of China was the first such ship to leave newly independent America in 1785 to establish relations with China. They sold Ginseng roots to the Chinese and brought back expensive porcelain and tea, for good profit. Others soon got involved in the sea trade, despite the dangers, and it was a thriving business in the early 1800s. Ships were soon sailing from New York, Philadelphia, New England, etc. carrying furs, ginseng, and many other valuable goods. They would travel as far as Africa, Latin America, etc. looking for good trade opportunities. The Empress of China, 1785

Opportunity & Problems The war between Britain and France in the mid 1790s meant that merchants from these countries were unlikely to risk their ships in trade, when they might be captured by the enemy. American Merchants were happy to take their place (although impressment was a danger, as mentioned before). There were other dangers. Several North African countries had good sailors as well. Known as the Barbary Coast States, many of these sailors engaged in piracy, and would rob ships unless they were given tribute or bribes to not do so. To avoid issues, the U.S. had paid Tripoli, one of the Barbary States, tribute in order to safely trade in the Mediterranean. In 1801, the ruler of Tripoli demanded more money; the U.S. refused. Pirates By 1800, the U.S. had more merchant ships on the sea than any other nation, except Britain! “Give Tribute…or Pay!”

Smooth Sailing…or no? Due to the success of the War with Tripoli, Jefferson was popular. He ran again as president in 1804, against Charles Pinckney, and won easily with 162 electoral votes to Pinckney’s 14 (ouch). However, the war between France and Britain threatened the U.S. again. Though the U.S. was protected by neutral rights and treaties with both countries, these countries grew tired of the situation. The British had a big problem: many of their sailors were poorly paid, mistreated, etc., and so many of them deserted. Some of these deserters ended up on American ships, and the British would board these ships, demanding their sailors be returned. However, many times the British would take the whole crew, and force them to serve for Britain. In 1807, such an incident occurred involving an American ship called the Chesapeake: VID to 1:40

Trade Ban Proves Bad Jefferson thought that by passing the Embargo Act of 1807 (which banned trade with Europe), they might avoid further conflicts with the French or British. James Madison & Jefferson both thought that Britain needed our agricultural products, and that such a ban would hurt them in their pocketbook. It failed; Britain instead traded for such goods with Latin America, and American Merchants lost money. It was replaced in 1809 by the Nonintercourse Act, which only prohibited trade with France and Britain, but it too was unpopular & only hurt us. The election of 1808 pitted Republican James Madison (Jefferson served just two terms, like Washington had) against Federalist Charles Pinckney: VID

HW: Don’t forget to keep working on your Political Cartoon / Ed. Letter!

BR D16 How did the Americans respond to the British Impressment of their sailors? Did this work?

Part II: War Fever After all that had happened, with Madison now as president, Britain continues to impress sailors, and many Americans are fed up. Will war break out?

D16, U.S. History I Ch. 9.3 A Time of Conflict, Part II Goals for Today: Today we will: Discuss the difficulties that foreign affairs continued to play in the early U.S. Explain why Tecumseh built a Native American Confederacy, and what happened to it. Discuss what the war hawks were, and why they wanted to go to war.

Closer to War In 1810, Congress passed a law to encourage either Britain or France to stop impressing our ships and stopping our merchant ships from trading. Whichever one agreed to play nice, we’d allow unrestricted trade with them! Sounds like a good deal, yes? France under Napoleon agreed…but it was all a lie! They kept stealing our ships and sailors, and we couldn’t decide who we hated more, France or Britain…but Pres. Madison waited to see how things might play out.

Frontier Conflicts Along the frontier of the U.S., there were more problems. Between 1801- 1810, white settlers started settling areas that had been reserved for the Native Americans by the Treaty of Greenville. Tecumseh, leader of the Shawnee, who led the Native Americans against the Americans in the Battle of Fallen Timbers, still believed the Americans were the Natives’ biggest threat, and so he and his brother The Prophet began making plans. VID

Itching for a Fight As mentioned in the video, Gen. William Harrison, Governor of the Indiana Territory decided to attack the Confederacy at Prophetstown in 1811, the settlement that The Prophet and Tecumseh created. The battle was known as the Battle of Tippecanoe, after the river found nearby. After winning, Harrison would use this victory later as a campaign jingle in the 1840 pres. Election: VID Meanwhile, in the capital Pres. Madison was being pressured to fight against the British, who continued to impress our sailors and ships, while also supporting Tecumseh’s Confederacy. The most vocal of these were younger Republicans, who were known as the War Hawks.

War Hawks The two leading ones were Henry Clay, from Kentucky, and John Calhoun, from South Carolina. They were in their 30s, and believed that war with Britain might allow us to claim Canadian lands, and perhaps even Spanish Florida. In preparation for war, they argued that we needed a larger army and navy, and soon these were quadrupled by the Dem. Republican Congress. In Spring, 1812, James Madison agreed that war must come. Ironically, the British had finally approved the end of the impressment policy, but the fighting had already started by the time the news arrived in America. War was coming, the War of 1812….oops

Ch. 9 Quiz! Quiz Review: