The Allies Win and the End of War

Formative Assessment on Reading Respond to this statement with proof from your reading: “Let’s hope 1942 brings as much good fortune as 1941.” - Adolf Hitler

The Allies Plan for Victory December 1941 Churchill and Roosevelt meet and determine that the U.S. will help its allies Stalin wanted to open up the western front so the Germans have to fight on both fronts but Roosevelt and Churchill begin fighting in North Africa and southern Europe

The North Africa Campaign Germans had been successful at advancing across the North African desert When German General Erwin Rommel took Tobruk in 1942, the British got nervous and sent Bernard Montgomery to fight Battle of El Alamein- Montgomery defeats Rommel Operation Torch- Allied force led by Dwight D. Eisenhower lands in Morocco and Algeria and finally defeats the Afrika Korps

Stalingrad German armies had stalled in Leningrad and Moscow (partly because of winter weather) August 1942 Battle of Stalingrad-  Hitler's Luftwaffe destroyed much of the city but the residents wouldn't give in and they stalled again By November another Russian winter was upon the troops and neither side was willing to give in February 1943 the German soldiers surrender The city was destroyed but it meant that the Germans were now on the defensive

Italy July 1943 Roosevelt and Churchill begin attacking Italy Mussolini fell from power when Sicily was invaded September- Italy surrendered Hitler, however, took charge of northern Italy June 1944 Allies enter Rome but fighting would continue until 1945 when Germany fell Mussolini was hanged

Life at Home During the War Total war- factories began to produce wartime goods like boats or machine guns Many women enter the workforce and most Americans work in factories producing goods for the war Rationing dictated by governments Propaganda used widely to inspire support for the war effort

Allied Victory in Europe D-Day invasion- June 6, 1944 Code-name- Operation Overlord Invasion of Normandy was the greatest land and sea attack in history Combined allied force of British, American, French, and Canadian forces Huge casualties on the beach July 25- allies break through the German defense Aug. 25- Allies march to Paris By September France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands had been liberated

Storming Normandy- Operation Overlord

The End..... Germany now surrounded and fighting a two-front war Battle of the Bulge Dec. 16, 1944 Hitler decides to counterattack allied forces He was successful for a moment but ultimately lost April 25, 1945 Soviets had surrounded Berlin Hitler married his longtime girlfriend, Eva Braun, and then they commit suicide May 7, 1945 German military surrenders May 8-  Victory in Europe Day (V-E day)  

Japanese Retreat and Surrender 1944 MacArthur returned to Philippines Kamikaze – Japanese suicide pilots March 1945 – Americans take Iwo Jima Truman drops the atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Aug. 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (Aug. 9, 1945) Sep. 2 – Japan surrenders

After the War: Europe in Ruins Destruction of WWII unprecedented (60 million dead) Europe in ruins- 40 million people dead cities destroyed from bombing countryside also in ruins no jobs left because cities destroyed People begin starving to death

Postwar Governments and Politics many people blamed their governments for the mess Increase in Communist party membership until the economies stabilized

How did they Deal with the Holocaust? Nuremburg Trials- 1946 22 Nazis put on trial 12 sentenced to death Some war criminals escaped by committing suicide before the trials Other war criminals escaped Germany and lived incognito in other countries

Effects of Defeat in Japan August 1945 Japan surrenders to MacArthur country's major cities ruined 2 million people dead no more colonial empire

U.S. Occupation of Japan U.S. occupies Japan and takes away their army (demilitarization) U.S occupation lasts until 1953 U.S. General MacArthur leads occupation War criminals were tried and sentenced

Japan’s New Constitution May 1947 new constitution- parliamentary democracy with a 2- house Diet (congress) Post of prime minister established Vote for citizens over 20 Japan not allowed to begin an offensive war Sep. 1951 formal peace treaty with Japan ** As a side note, Japan’s economy rapidly increased because the government diverted all resources to businesses and industry because they had no military expenditure