The Future of Memory: Remembering, Imagining, and the Brain Daniel L. Schacter, Donna Rose Addis, Demis Hassabis, Victoria C. Martin, R. Nathan Spreng, Karl K. Szpunar  Neuron  Volume 76, Issue 4, Pages 677-694 (November 2012) DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.001 Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 A Subsystem of Brain Regions Is More Active When Participants Imagine Events in Either the Past or Future, Relative to When They Remember Real Past Events or Complete a Control Task The regions in which activation is associated with the past and future imagine tasks (warm colors) or control and past-recall tasks (cool colors) are shown 8–10 s after trial onset, superimposed over a standard MRI template at a threshold of p < 0.001. The line graph illustrates the weighted average of activation across all voxels associated with a particular condition across the length of the experimental tasks. Adapted from Addis et al. (2009a). Neuron 2012 76, 677-694DOI: (10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.001) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Patients with Semantic Dementia Show a Selective Deficit for Imagining Future Events while Displaying Intact Episodic Memory The difference in the number of internal episodic details generated for past and future events is plotted for healthy controls and semantic dementia patients; this difference is larger for the patients than controls. Error bars are 95% confidence intervals. Voxel-based morphometry analyses indicate that this deficit in episodic future thinking is related to changes in gray matter intensity in the left inferior temporal gyrus and right temporal pole. Clusters are shown at a threshold of p < 0.001 and overlaid on the Montreal Neurological Institute standard brain. Adapted from Irish et al. (2012). Neuron 2012 76, 677-694DOI: (10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.001) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Two Components of the Default Network (A) A selection of sagittal, coronal, and axial views of the “scene construction” subnetwork overlaid on “glass brain” and structural images (p < 0.001). This network includes the hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, retrosplenial and posterior parietal cortices, and medial PFC and supports the generation and maintenance of a complex and coherent scene or event. (B) Real memories are usually more self-relevant and familiar than imagined experiences. When these two types of simulation were directly contrasted in a well-controlled fMRI paradigm the precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, and anterior medial PFC were found to be preferentially engaged for real memories (see also D’Argembeau et al., 2010b). This network is often referred to as the “self-reflection” network (Johnson et al., 2002). Adapted from Hassabis et al. (2007a). Neuron 2012 76, 677-694DOI: (10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.001) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Network Coupling (A) Intrinsic connectivity maps depicting the default (blue), dorsal attention (red), and frontoparietal control (green) networks of the brain. Task-related BOLD signal change during planning within each intrinsic connectivity network: (B) default network, (C) dorsal attention network, (D) frontoparietal control network (∗significant difference from baseline). (E) Frontoparietal control network coupling is modulated by domain of planning task. Frontoparietal control network activity is coupled with the default network, and decoupled from the dorsal attention network, during autobiographical planning. Frontoparietal control network activity is coupled with the dorsal attention network, and decoupled from the default network, during visuospatial planning. Adapted from Spreng et al. (2010). Neuron 2012 76, 677-694DOI: (10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.001) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions