AP World History: The Protestant Reformation Period Four: 1450 - 1750

I Church Corruptions & Renaissance Ideas The Church sponsored many works of art and architecture during the Renaissance. Needing money, corruption became more common. Priests sold indulgences (pardons for sins that guaranteed entry to heaven). B) There were Church corruption protesters BEFORE Martin Luther: 14th century reformers John Wycliffe & Jan Hus said that the Bible (not the Pope) was the ultimate authority on Christianity. Both were executed. Erasmus wanted church teachings in the vernacular, not Latin. C) 1517 a German Priest, Johann Tetzel sold indulgences to anyone who gave money to the new Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. (He promised salvation for you and your dead relatives!)

Cathedral of St. Peter, Rome

The Church at the start of the Renaissance Continued… D) Martin Luther, a German monk, wrote the 95 Theses (a list of 95 arguments against the Church). He posted the list on the door of Tetzel’s church in Germany. A criticism of the Pope's purpose in raising the money: "he is richer than Croesus, he would do better to sell St Peters and give the money to the poor people....“ A straightforward concern for his flock: "indulgences are most pernicious because they induce complacency and thereby imperil salvation."

Pope Leo X b.1475 – d.1521 Pope Leo X was born Giovanni de Medici in 1475. A patron of the arts like previous Medicis, Leo continued the project of rebuilding St. Peter’s Basilica (by authorizing the sale of indulgences), and commissioned Renaissance artists Michelangelo and Raphael. Leo excommunicated Luther in January 1521. “Therefore let Martin himself… and those who shelter and support him, through the merciful heart of our God… know that from our heart we exhort and beseech that he cease to disturb the peace, unity, and truth of the Church... Let him abstain from his pernicious errors that he may come back to us. If they really will obey, and certify to us by legal documents that they have obeyed, they will find in us the affection of a father's love… and opening of the font of mercy and clemency. We enjoin, however, on Martin that in the meantime he cease from all preaching…” POPE LEO X, Papal bull condemning Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, Exsurge Domine, June 15, 1520

III Martin Luther vs. the Church Thanks to Gutenberg's printing press, copies of the 95 Theses were printed and spread quickly across Europe. Despite excommunication from Pope Leo X, Luther was able to continue his protests due to protection from his local ruler, Frederick the Wise. While Frederick remained a Catholic, he believed that Luther had not committed no crime. By 1530 Luther’s followers called themselves “Protestants”, meaning they were protesting the Pope. "I would never have thought that such a storm would rise from Rome over one simple scrap of paper...“ - Martin Luther Frederick the Wise

Catholic Church Martin Luther Salvation (entry to heaven) can only be reached by receiving the sacraments (sacred rituals) of the Church. Baptism, Communion, Confession, Confirmation, Marriage, Ordination of Priests, Last Rites Salvation can be reached through faith alone. Use of elaborate ceremonies. Elaborate ceremonies are not necessary. The clergy are necessary to help you understand the truth of the Bible. The Bible is the only source of truth, not the clergy. The Bible should only be written in Latin. The Bible should only be written in the vernacular (every day language) Clergy cannot marry. Clergy should be able to marry and have children. Prayer to Saints. Prayer only to God or Jesus.

When Martin Luther realized that he could not reform the Catholic Church, he broke away from it, creating the Protestant (Lutheran) Church. Luther died 1543. "When I die,” he said, “I want to be a ghost...So I can continue to pester the bishops, priests and godless monks until that they have more trouble with a dead Luther than they could have had before with a thousand living ones."

Consequences Continued… D) As the Protestant Reformation spread in Europe, new sects within Protestantism emerged, including Calvinism and Anglicanism. Calvinism Anglicanism Begun by John Calvin (1509 – 1564), a French Protestant. Begun by King Henry VIII (1491 – 1547) of England. He wanted a divorce from his wife Catherine, in order to marry his mistress Anne Boleyn. Belief in predestination (God has already chosen who will reach salvation). Henry appointed Thomas Cramner Archbishop and declared Henry’s marriage invalid. Henry became the Supreme Head of the Anglican Church. Fighting, dancing, and singing are sins. All literature was written in English. Banned any rituals similar to Catholicism. Some Anglican rituals are similar to Catholicism.

John Calvin “God preordained, for his own glory and the display of His attributes of mercy and justice, a part of the human race, without any merit of their own, to eternal salvation, and another part, in just punishment of their sin, to eternal damnation.” - John Calvin

Henry VIII This quote by King Henry VIII taken from a love letter to Jane Seymour. Henry is believed to have written this whilst Queen Anne Boleyn was in the Tower of London, awaiting her execution. "My Dear friend and mistress, The bearer of these few lines from thy entirely devoted servant will deliver into thy fair hands a token of my true affection for thee… thus hoping, shortly to receive you in these arms…”

His first wife, Catherine of Argon They had a daughter, Mary. Catherine was forcibly separated from her.

Who he left for Anne Boleyn They had a child, Elizabeth. Henry later had Anne executed for adultery.

Do Not Confuse These Two Men! Martin Luther, 16th Century Martin Luther King Jr., 20th Century

V Martin Luther on the Jews: Excerpts from On the Jews and Their Lies “…Therefore be on your guard against the Jews, knowing that wherever they have their synagogues, nothing is found but a den of devils in which sheer self­ glory, conceit, lies, blasphemy, and defaming of God and men are practiced… Moreover, they are nothing but thieves and robbers who daily eat no morsel and wear no thread of clothing which they have not stolen and pilfered from us by means of their accursed usury…. However, they have not acquired a perfect mastery of the art of lying; they lie so clumsily and ineptly that anyone who is just a little observant can easily detect it. But for us Christians they stand as a terrifying example of God's wrath…Perhaps we can spare a few of them from the fire and flames…”

Summary of Causes

Focus Questions How did the Renaissance lead to the Protestant Reformation? Do you agree more with Martin Luther or the Catholic Church? Why? Do you think that Calvinism and Anglicanism reflected the ideals of the Reformation? Why or why not? 4. Why do you think that Martin Luther felt the way he did about Jews? Should it change his place in history? Explain.

Key Vocabulary 95 Theses Martin Luther Anglicanism Pope Leo X Calvinism Predestination Cathedral of St. Peter Protestant Reformation Frederick the Wise Salvation Indulgences Johann Tetzel John Calvin King Henry VIII Lutheranism