1QQ #27 on ECG Lab Reading ECGs Practice for hemorrhage diagram flow charting

Atrial fibrillation Ventricular fibrillation

Board Diagram of EPO Feedback Loop and Autotransfusion Tips for creating your Hemorrhage Diagram 1st 15 minutes of class on Friday, November 30th Test 3 on Monday, Dec 3 covers Cardiovascular and Respiratory

Respiration is the overall movement of gases between the outside environment and the internal cells. Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs. Ventilation should be matched to metabolism. O2 CO2 CO2 O2 pH changes with Hypoventilation & Hyperventilation

Carbon Dioxide reacts with water! CO2 + H20 ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate So disturbances in gas exchange or ventilation are often associated with disruptions of pH. pH changes with Hypoventilation & Hyperventilation

Gas Laws Dalton’s Law Total pressure = sum of partial pressures PATM = P N2 + P O2 + P CO2 100% = 79% + 21% + <1% P O2 = 0.21 x 760mmHg = 160 Partial pressure of Oxygen in atmosphere at sea level is 160 mmHg Regardless of elevation, air is always 21% O2. N2 is physiologically inert; ignore except for decompression sickness Henry’s Law Gases dissolve in liquids in proportion to their partial pressure in the air in contact with that liquid air P O2 =160 mmHg liquid P O2 =160 mmHg

Why the difference in partial pressures in Air and Alveoli? Ventilation by Bulk Flow Gas exchange by Diffusion Where should the receptors be for the negative feedback loop for homeostasis? Gas exchange Gradient for CO2 is only 6 mmHg; CO2 is more soluble and permeable than O2