BELLRINGER 11/2/15 What is an electron? Where is it located? How can you tell from the periodic table how many electrons in an atom? GET YOUR NOTEBOOKS.

Orbitals...

Electrons are part of what makes an atom an atom

Electrons are part of what makes an atom an atom But where exactly are the electrons inside an atom? atom

where there is a high probability Orbitals (AKA Shells) are areas within atoms where there is a high probability of finding electrons.

Knowing how electrons are arranged in an atom is important because that governs how atoms interact with each other

Knowing how electrons are arranged in an atom is important because that governs how atoms interact with each other

Knowing how electrons are arranged in an atom is important because that governs how atoms interact with each other

Knowing how electrons are arranged in an atom is important because that governs how atoms interact with each other

Knowing how electrons are arranged in an atom is important because that governs how atoms interact with each other

Knowing how electrons are arranged in an atom is important because that governs how atoms interact with each other

Knowing how electrons are arranged in an atom is important because that governs how atoms interact with each other

Let’s say you have a room with flies flying around in it

The flies are not just anywhere in the room. They are inside boxes in the room.

You know where the boxes are, and you know the flies are inside the boxes, but…

you don’t know exactly where the flies are inside the boxes

The flies are electrons The room is an atom The flies are electrons The boxes are orbitals

The flies are electrons The room is an atom The flies are electrons The boxes are orbitals

Science has determined where the orbitals are inside an atom, but it is never known precisely where the electrons are inside the orbitals

Hey, where am I?

So what are the sizes and shapes of orbitals?

The area where an electron can be found, the orbital, is defined mathematically, but we can see it as a specific shape in 3-dimensional space…

z y x

z y The 3 axes represent 3-dimensional space x

z y x For this presentation, the nucleus of the atom is at the center of the three axes. x

The “1s” orbital is a sphere, centered around the nucleus

The 2s orbital is also a sphere.

The 2s electrons have a higher energy than the 1s electrons. Therefore, the 2s electrons are generally more distant from the nucleus, making the 2s orbital larger than the 1s orbital.

1s orbital

2s orbital

Don’t forget: an orbital is the shape of the space where there is a high probability of finding electrons

Don’t forget: an orbital is the shape of the space where there is a high probability of finding electrons The s orbitals are spheres

There are three 2p orbitals

The three 2p orbitals are oriented perpendicular to each other

z This is one 2p orbital (2py) y x

z another 2p orbital (2px) y x

z the third 2p orbital (2pz) y x

Don’t forget: an orbital is the shape of the space where there is a high probability of finding electrons

This is the shape of p orbitals Don’t forget: an orbital is the shape of the space where there is a high probability of finding electrons This is the shape of p orbitals

z y x

z 2px y x

z 2px and 2pz y x

The three 2p orbitals, 2px, 2py, 2pz

once the 1s orbital is filled,

the 2s orbital begins to fill

once the 2s orbital is filled,

the 2p orbitals begin to fill

each 2p orbital intersects the 2s orbital and the 1s orbital

each 2p orbital gets one electron before pairing begins

once each 2p orbital is filled with a pair of electrons, then

the 3s orbital gets the next two electrons

the 3s electrons have a higher energy than 1s, 2s, or 2p electrons,

so 3s electrons are generally found further from the nucleus than 1s, 2s, or 2p electrons

d Orbitals d sublevel has 5 orbitals

The shapes and labels of the five 3d orbitals.

Quantum Mechanics http://www. meta-synthesis Better than any previous model, quantum mechanics does explain how the atom behaves. Quantum mechanics treats electrons not as particles, but more as waves (like light waves) which can gain or lose energy. But they can’t gain or lose just any amount of energy. They gain or lose a “quantum” of energy. A quantum is just an amount of energy that the electron needs to gain (or lose) to move to the next energy level. In this case it is losing the energy and dropping a level.

Atomic Orbitals http://milesmathis.com/bohr2.jpg Much like the Bohr model, the energy levels in quantum mechanics describe locations where you are likely to find an electron. Remember that orbitals are “geometric shapes” around the nucleus where electrons are found. Quantum mechanics calculates the probabilities where you are “likely” to find electrons. An old Bohr?? Mwwhaha!

Atomic Orbitals http://courses. chem. psu. edu/chem210/quantum/quantum Of course, you could find an electron anywhere if you looked hard enough. So scientists agreed to limit these calculations to locations where there was at least a 90% chance of finding an electron. Think of orbitals  as sort of a "border” for spaces around the nucleus inside which electrons are allowed. No more than 2 electrons can ever be in 1 orbital. The orbital just defines an “area” where you can find an electron. What is the chance of finding an electron in the nucleus? Yes, of course, it’s zero. There aren’t any electrons in the nucleus.

Energy Levels http://www.chem4kids.com/files/art/elem_pertable2.gif Quantum mechanics has a principal quantum number. It is represented by a little n. It represents the “energy level” similar to Bohr’s model. n=1 describes the first energy level n=2 describes the second energy level Etc. Each energy level represents a period or row on the periodic table. It’s amazing how all this stuff just “fits” together. Red n = 1 Orange n = 2 Yellow n = 3 Green n = 4 Blue n = 5 Indigo n = 6 Violet n = 7

Sub-levels = Specific Atomic Orbitals Each energy level has 1 or more “sub-levels” which describe the specific “atomic orbitals” for that level. n = 1 has 1 sub-level (the “s” orbital) n = 2 has 2 sub-levels (“s” and “p”) n = 3 has 3 sub-levels (“s”, “p” and “d”) n = 4 has 4 sub-levels (“s”, “p”, “d” and “f”) There are 4 types of atomic orbitals: s, p, d and f Each of these sub-levels represent the blocks on the periodic table. Blue = s block Yellow = p block Red = d block Green = f block

Orbitals http://media-2. web. britannica In the s block, electrons are going into s orbitals. In the p block, the s orbitals are full. New electrons are going into the p orbitals. In the d block, the s and p orbitals are full. New electrons are going into the d orbitals. What about the f block?

Objective C Complete the chart in your notes as we discuss this. Energy Level Sub-levels Total Orbitals Total Electrons Total Electrons per Level n = 1 s 1 (1s orbital) 2 n = 2 p 1 (2s orbital) 3 (2p orbitals) 6 8 n = 3 d 1 (3s orbital) 3 (3p orbitals) 5 (3d orbitals) 10 18 n = 4 f 1 (4s orbital) 3 (4p orbitals) 5 (4d orbitals) 7 (4f orbitals) 14 32 Complete the chart in your notes as we discuss this. The first level (n=1) has an s orbital. It has only 1. There are no other orbitals in the first energy level. We call this orbital the 1s orbital.

Where are these Orbitals. http://www. biosulf 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 5d 6p 7s 6d 7p 4f 5f

Electron Configurations What do I mean by “electron configuration?” The electron configuration is the specific way in which the atomic orbitals are filled. Think of it as being similar to your address. The electron configuration tells me where all the electrons “live.”

Rules for Electon Configurations https://teach. lanecc In order to write an electron configuration, we need to know the RULES. 3 rules govern electron configurations. Aufbau Principle Pauli Exclusion Principle Hund’s Rule Using the orbital filling diagram at the right will help you figure out HOW to write them Start with the 1s orbital. Fill each orbital completely and then go to the next one, until all of the elements have been acounted for.

Fill Lower Energy Orbitals FIRST http://www. meta-synthesis Each line represents an orbital. 1 (s), 3 (p), 5 (d), 7 (f) The Aufbau Principle states that electrons enter the lowest energy orbitals first. The lower the principal quantum number (n) the lower the energy. Within an energy level, s orbitals are the lowest energy, followed by p, d and then f. F orbitals are the highest energy for that level. High Energy Low Energy

No more than 2 Electrons in Any Orbital…ever. http://www. fnal The next rule is the Pauli Exclusion Principal. The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that an atomic orbital may have up to 2 electrons and then it is full. The spins have to be paired. We usually represent this with an up arrow and a down arrow. Since there is only 1 s orbital per energy level, only 2 electrons fill that orbital. Wolfgang Pauli, yet another German Nobel Prize winner Quantum numbers describe an electrons position, and no 2 electrons can have the exact same quantum numbers. Because of that, electrons must have opposite spins from each other in order to “share” the same orbital.

Hund’s Rule http://intro. chem. okstate Hunds Rule states that when you get to degenerate orbitals, you fill them all half way first, and then you start pairing up the electrons. What are degenerate orbitals? Degenerate means they have the same energy. So, the 3 p orbitals on each level are degenerate, because they all have the same energy. Similarly, the d and f orbitals are degenerate too. Don’t pair up the 2p electrons until all 3 orbitals are half full.

Objective D NOW that we know the rules, we can try to write some electron configurations. Remember to use your orbital filling guide to determine WHICH orbital comes next. Lets write some electron configurations for the first few elements, and let’s start with hydrogen.

Electron Configurations Element Configuration H Z=1 1s1 He Z=2 1s2 Li Z=3 1s22s1 Be Z=4 1s22s2 B Z=5 1s22s22p1 C Z=6 1s22s22p2 N Z=7 1s22s22p3 O Z=8 1s22s22p4 F Z=9 1s22s22p5 Ne Z=10 1s22s22p6 (2p is now full) Na Z=11 1s22s22p63s1 Cl Z=17 1s22s22p63s23p5 K Z=19 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 Sc Z=21 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1 Fe Z=26 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 Br Z=35 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5 Note that all the numbers in the electron configuration add up to the atomic number for that element. Ex: for Ne (Z=10), 2+2+6 = 10

Objective D One last thing. Look at the previous slide and look at just hydrogen, lithium, sodium and potassium. Notice their electron configurations. Do you see any similarities? Since H and Li and Na and K are all in Group 1A, they all have a similar ending. (s1)

Electron Configurations Element Configuration H Z=1 1s1 Li Z=3 1s22s1 Na Z=11 1s22s22p63s1 K Z=19 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 This similar configuration causes them to behave the same chemically. It’s for that reason they are in the same family or group on the periodic table. Each group will have the same ending configuration, in this case something that ends in s1.

What does that have to do with anything??

depend on how the electrons are arranged in each atom the billions of interactions of atoms constantly going on around you depend on how the electrons are arranged in each atom

(its orbitals) the arrangement of an atom’s electrons the billions of interactions of atoms constantly going on around you depend on how the electrons are arranged in each atom the arrangement of an atom’s electrons (its orbitals) govern how that atom will interact with other atoms

If atoms did not interact with each other, the billions of interactions of atoms constantly going on around you depend on how the electrons are arranged in each atom the arrangement of an atom’s electrons (its orbitals) govern how that atom will interact with other atoms If atoms did not interact with each other, you would not be sitting here reading this

a specific organization allowing for intersting An interesting place where electrons have a specific organization within atoms, allowing for intersting atom interactions

(does not actually exist) An interesting place where electrons have a specific organization within atoms, allowing for intersting atom interactions Not an interesting place, where electrons have no specific organization within atoms, where atoms wander aimlessly about