Ch. 16, Section 4: Life During the Civil War pg. 478 Main Idea: Civilians as well as soldiers had an impact on the war effort. Key Terms: Habeas Corpus Draft Bounty Greenback Inflation

I. The Lives of Soldiers pgs. 478-479 A. The enthusiasm of the volunteers who rushed to sign up at the beginning of the war did not last. A soldier’s life was not easy. It was filled with boredom, bad food, discomfort, sickness, fear, and horror. Soldiers lived in camps. Between battles sometimes the men forgot that they were enemies and would sit and talk with each other. B. The realities of the war left both sides with terrible losses. The medical facilities could not always handle all the causalities. Hunger, sickness, fear, and lack of supplies caused many soldiers to desert. About one of every eleven Unions soldiers and one of every eight Confederate soldiers ran away.

II. Women and the War pgs. 479-481 A. During the war, women took on new responsibilities, such as becoming teachers, gov’t workers, and office or factory workers. Some managed farms. Many worked to help the armies by collecting and distributing food, clothing, and medicine. Some made ammunition, wove blankets, and rolled bandages. Many also mourned the loss of the men who went to war. B. Women who stayed home in the North did not suffer the disruption in their daily lives that the women in the South did. The blockade caused the South to run out of almost everything: animal feed, meat, clothing, medicine, and shelter. The marching armies destroyed the crops and homes of those that lay in their path.

II. Women and the War cont. C. Some women were spies and disguised themselves as men to become soldiers. 1. Harriet Tubman spied for the North. 2. Rose O’Neal Greenhow spied for the South, was caught, convicted of treason, and exiled. D. Thousands of women were nurses, although some men disapproved of women doing men’s work or tending to strangers. Women such as Dorothea Dix, Clara Barton, and Sally Tompkins became well-known for their work as military nurses.

III. Opposition to the War pgs. 481-482 A. Some politicians and citizens opposed the war because they objected to the wartime policies and how the war affected their lives. In the North the Democrats split into two groups. One group supported Lincoln’s policies. The other group, called Peace Democrats, wanted to negotiate with the Confederacy. Republican newspapers called this group Copperheads, and some Republicans suspected them of aiding the Confederates. B. One of the actions the Copperheads disapproved of was Lincoln suspending the right of habeas corpus, which guarantees accused individuals the right to a hearing before being jailed.

III. Opposition to the War cont. C. The number of volunteers declined in the North and the South as the war continued. 1. In order to have enough men to serve, the Confederate Congress passed a draft law in April 1862. It required men between 18 and 35 to serve for three years. To avoid the draft a person could hire a substitute. 2. Union states offered bounties, or payments, to encourage volunteers. When this failed, the Union organized a draft in March 1863. Men 20 to 40 had to register. From this pool of names, the army selected the soldiers it needed. To avoid the draft, a person could hire a substitute or pay $300 to the gov’t.

III. Opposition to the War cont. D. The Southern economy suffered. It didn’t have industry to provide arms and ammunition and other necessities. Farmland was ruined by troops, and rail lines were torn up during the battles. The North’s blockades caused severe shortages of essential goods. Prices rose because of the scarcity of goods. Soldiers left their service to return to help their families.

IV. War and the Economy pgs. 482-483 A. Both sides financed the war by borrowing money, increasing taxes, and printing paper money. The North borrowed more than $2 billion, and the South raised more than $700 million by issuing war bonds that paid a high interest. 1. The Union passed an income tax in 1861, and the Confederacy also imposed an income tax when the states did not provide enough money. 2. Paper money issued in the North was called greenbacks. The South printed much more than the North, hoping it would help pay for the cost of the war.

IV. War and the Economy cont. B. Even with inflation, a general increase in prices, the Northern economy boomed. Farmers prospered because of the need for a steady food supply for the soldiers. Factory production grew as the demand grew for items such as guns, ammunition, uniforms, and shoes. C. The Southern economy suffered. It did not have industry to provide arms and ammunition and other necessities. Farmland was ruined by troops, and rail lines were torn up during the battles. The North’s blockade caused severe shortages of essential goods. Prices rose because of the scarcity of goods. Soldiers left their service to return to help their families.