By Maryam, Aaishah, Harleen and Ella Totalitarian Regimes By Maryam, Aaishah, Harleen and Ella

OBJECTIVES: To understand what a totalitarian regime is To develop our understanding of Hitler & Stalin’s reign To apply our knowledge to 1984

Totalitarian regime: Of, relating to, being, or imposing a form of government in which the political authority exercises absolute and centralized control over all aspects of life, the individual is subordinated to the state, and opposing political and cultural expression is suppressed STALIN: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8cgN-aVv9s HITLER: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L90smU0SOcQ Dictionary definition of totalitarian regime Stalin: 0.40 secs- 1.20 Hitler: 4.54- 5.46 To understand what a totalitarian regime is

Life under Stalin's rule Stalin put fear into people through the use of control Stalin monitored telephone lines, read mail, and planted informers everywhere. He eliminated those who opposed him in any way He controlled all sources of information from newspapers, motion pictures and the radio to art, literature, science and history

Education Schools were strictly controlled by the government. The ultimate goal of the education system was to produce citizens that were capable of contributing to Stalin's new system. Schools became much more strict and focused on courses necessary to develop skilled workers Discipline was harsh for students in order to make them disciplined workers for the factories.

Religion Churches were shut down and turned into schools or movie theatres church leaders were arrested Stalin could not allow a challenge to his position if caught practicing religion you could be imprisoned But during WW2 they were used to help control the people

NKVD Methods: Cheka 1917-22 SHOW TRIALS: OGPU 1922-34 NKVD 1934-46 The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs Cheka 1917-22 Hunted down and arrested anyone who was a suspected dissident OGPU 1922-34 Terror = discreet, attention turned to groups within the party and large numbers were purged NKVD 1934-46 Secret police dominated the whole police force SHOW TRIALS: Trial of the 16- AUG 1936 Trial of the 17- 1937 Trial of the 21- 1938 The show trials looked suspicious because they were staged. They were played through radio + film to the public. Many confessions were extracted from the use of torture and after victims had confessed they were usually executed. These trials were to warn party members. Methods: Surveillance Collecting info on Party members Executions Labour camps= Gulags Arrests WIDENING THE PURGES: On the Red Army- 3/5 marshals were purged, 14/16 army commanders , 35,000 officers & all navy admirals Within the Party- a quota system was introduced, denunciations of officials were sometimes driven by personal hatred => large scale purging The Secret Police- 3,000 NKVD personnel purged

Yagoda Beria Yezhov Bloody dwarf NKVD deployed plain clothed police to survey general public. In 1937 ensured 231 were processed each day Quotas issued for execution of prisoners. Officers were rewarded medals for executions but often executed themselves to meet quotas NKVD purged own members who didn’t show enough commitment Dismissed in 1938 for excessive use of purging Head of secret police 1934 Saw rapid expansion of the Gulag and saw it turn into a forced labour camp to support industrialisation Workers and guards died in hostile conditions of the camps Removed & shot for incompetence and not pursuing the opposition w//sufficient enthusiasm Food rations improved for workers at the Gulag to get the max out of them Gulag economic growth increased from 2 bill roubles 1937 to 4.5 billion roubles 1940 Over 1/3 country's gold & much of its timber+ coal produced there => major contribution to economy by 1950s Yagoda Beria Yezhov

HITLER’S REGIME ‘In its second minute the hate rose to a frenzy’ Nazi racism: For years before Hitler became chancellor he was obsessed with ideas about race. In his speeches and writings he spread his beliefs in racial ‘purity’ and in the superiority of the ‘Germanic race’- Aryan master race. - Encouraged women with pure German blood to have more children-LEBENSBORN(SPRING OF LIFE) – Lebensborn center- have kids with SS officers-motherhood cross. For Hitler the ideal Aryan was blond, blue-eyed and tall. Gypsie, homosexuals, black people, mental illness and physical disability. With the Nazi rise to power in 1933,the party ordered boycott of Jewish businesses. Jewish civil servants lawyers and teachers sacked. , Race lessons to teach that Jews are untermensch (inferior). 1938-Kritstallnacht(night of the broken glass)- Attacks on Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues. Over 1,000 synagogues were burned and over 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed/damaged. Einsatzgruppen- SS paramilitary death squads responsible for for mass killings by shooting during ww2. integral role to the implementation for the final solution. (Holocaust)- concentration camp-mass killing of jews-6 million Jews killed. Nuremberg rally: Annual rally held from 1923 to 1938 Rousing speeches from Hitler. Announcement of new Nazi directions. Primary aspect of the rallies was to strengthen the personality cult of hilter- Germany’s savior. Swore loyalty and marched before him. Show the might of the German people. Reinforce party enthusiasm. Showcase the power of national socialism. 1935- The racist Nuremberg laws were promulgated against the Jews. Excluded Jews from Reich citizenship and prohibited them from marrying or having sexual relations with German blood. 1934- Rally of unity and strength is the best remembered of the rallies. Hitler's followers-think of him as a demi-god-pageantry and ritual is quasi-religious. Attended by 700,000 Nazi party supporters. Dr Joseph Goebbels who became minister of public enlightment aimed to encourage people to support Hitler. Information was strictly controlled, Germans were allowed to hear only about Nazi strengths and weaknesses. Anti-Nazi newspapers were closed and their editors sacked. Cheap radios were made available to ensure that the Nazi message reached many homes. Loud speakers were installed in public areas. Films many of them made by the best directors- publicized Nazi achievements or policies. 1933-Goebbels set up the Reich chamber of culture. Any artist who wanted to publish a play, book, make film, write a piece of music etc. Had to be a member. 1933- on the night of may 10 they raided libraries and bookstores across Germany. More than 25,000 books burned. (Jewish writers: Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein). ‘Thought crime was not a thing that could be concealed forever.’ The Nazi police state: Germany became a country where it was unsafe to do or say anything critical of the government. - SS formed in 1925-loyal to Hitler & his personal bodyguard SS chief Heinrich Himmler-regular (non-party) police forces into an instrument of terror. forged the powerful secret state police (gestapo). Gestapo- non-uniformed police used ruthless an cruel methods to identify and arrest political opponents and others who refused to obey laws and policies of the Nazis. Most feared secret police force They were all around Germany acting as spies if anyone was found suspected they could be arrested and imprisoned without trial. Acted outside of the normal judicial process and it had its own courts and effectively acted as a judge, jury and frequently executioner. Set up hundreds of makeshift camps in empty warehouses and factories where they held political opponents without trial and under conditions of great cruelty. On of these camps was set up on March 20, 1933 at Dachau. ‘In its second minute the hate rose to a frenzy’ ‘who controls the past controls the future, who controls the present controls the past’ ‘the entire group of people broke into a deep,slow,rhythmical chant of B-B! ’woke up with the word Shakespeare on his lips’

Activity In threes: Context- what? Links to 1984/handmaids tale 5 mins Get ready to feedback

Hitler Youth What is the Hitler Youth? The Hitler Youth was a logical extension of Hitler’s belief that the future of Nazi Germany was its children. Originally in 1933 The Hitler Youth was composed of only boys- it’s purpose was to educate and train boys in Nazi principles. By 1935, 60% of German boys were part of the Hitler Youth. On July 1, 1936, it became a state agency that all young “Aryan” Germans were expected to join.

How did it work? Two leagues also existed for girls. The League of German Girls (Bund Deutscher Mädel) trained girls ages 14 to 18 for comradeship, domestic duties, and motherhood. Jungmädel (“Young Girls”) was an organization for girls ages 10 to 14. Upon reaching his 10th birthday, a German boy was registered and investigated and, if qualified, inducted into the Deutsches Jungvolk (“German Young People”). At age 13 the youth became eligible for the Hitler Youth, from which he was graduated at age 18. Throughout these years he lived a spartan life of dedication, fellowship, and Nazi conformity. From age 18 he was a member of the Nazi Party and served in the state labour service and the armed forces until at least the age of 21. Boy’s: investigated especially for racial purity. During their time at HY; had minimum parental guidance Boy’s activities: marching, bayonet drill, grenade throwing, trench digging, map reading, gas defence, use of dugouts, how to get under barbed wire and pistol shooting. Girl’s activities: run 60 metres in 14 seconds, throw a ball 12 metres, complete a 2 hour march, swim 100 metres and know how to make a bed

The Hitler Youth: Image vs Reality To the outside world, the Hitler Youth seemed to personify German discipline. In fact, this image was far from accurate. School teachers complained that boys and girls were so tired from attending evening meetings of the Hitler Youth, that they could barely stay awake the next day at school. Also by 1938, attendance at Hitler Youth meetings was so poor – barely 25% – that the authorities decided to tighten up attendance with the 1939 law making attendance compulsory

Activity Context- what? Links to 1984/handmaids tale Kids were trained 1984: the parsons children and they act like the spies THT: Mothers were trained in terms of household Change the history books- edit 1984;History books are also edited 5 mins Get ready to feedback

Homework Plan for a debate: “The totalitarian regime in The Handmaids Tale is more effective in controlling the masses” Consider: (use this as a guide for your plan) What is a totalitarian regime What are the methods of control in both texts What does THT have in common with 1984 - pick out specific similarities in both texts How do both texts differ - pick out specific differences in both texts What can the opposition say- how can you counteract this? Come to a judgement