Forensic and Investigative Accounting Chapter 15 Cybercrime Management: Legal Issues © 2017 CCH Incorporated and its affiliates. All rights reserved. 2700 Lake Cook Road Riverwoods, IL 60015 800 344 3734 CCHGroup.com

Forensic and Investigative Accounting Net Frauds Net frauds ensnare unsuspecting Internet users into giving up their resources to an online criminal. Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Unauthorized Access to Network Assets Unauthorized access to steal proprietary information can be considered a distinct crime from fraud. Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Types of Unauthorized Access Access via buggy software. (No updating) Access via trusted server. (Zone transfers) Backdoor entry. (Malware on a port) Access via social engineering. (Talk the talk Password hacks. (Reverse engineering) Faked emails (Spoofing) Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Forensic and Investigative Accounting Nmap for Access Nmap is a port scanning tool that can be used to gain unauthorized access to a webserver. It is freely available on the Internet, and it is used to scan ports to determine what software is used on those ports. It can identify the versions of most port software. Once the version is identified, it is possible to find an exploit and gain unauthorized access to the server. Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Forensic and Investigative Accounting Intangible Assets Information on the Internet and in computer databases represents intangible assets composed of bits and bytes. The destruction of electronic representations or the erasure of data without physically damaging a tangible computer asset may not be considered a crime. (continued on next slide) Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Forensic and Investigative Accounting Intangible Assets If data is accessed but not used for any purpose, then no crime may have been committed. Statutes may not provide for the recognition of criminal trespass, a property crime, based on a virtual presence (and no physical presence). Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

1986 OECD Time Capsule Recommendations The input, alteration, erasure and/or suppression of computer data and/or computer programmes made willfully with the intent to commit an illegal transfer of funds or of another thing of value; The input, alteration, erasure and/or suppression of computer data and/or computer programmes made willfully with the intent to commit a forgery; (continued on next slide) Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

1986 OECD Time Capsule Recommendations The input, alteration, erasure and/or suppression of computer data and/or computer programmes, or other interference with computer systems, made willfully with the intent to hinder the functioning of a computer and/or telecommunication system; The infringement of the exclusive right of the owner of a protected computer programme with the intent to exploit commercially the programme and put it on the market; (continued on next slide) Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

1986 OECD Time Capsule Recommendations The access to or the interception of a computer and/or telecommunication system made knowingly and without the authorization of the person responsible for the system, either (i) by infringement of security measures or (ii) for other dishonest or harmful intentions. Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Forensic and Investigative Accounting Cybercrime or Not? Spoofing. Use of bots. Chaffing. Steganography. Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Forensic and Investigative Accounting Encryption Take plaintext and use an algorithm convert it to an unreadable file The unreadable file can only be decrypted with a key or password One of the best methods for protecting against unauthorized users gaining access to private files Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Forensic and Investigative Accounting International Law Although approximately 240 countries have IP domain registrations, the countries with cybercrime statutes are fewer. Some countries have broad provisions for computer crimes, some have limited provisions, and still some have no provisions at all. (continued on next slide) Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Forensic and Investigative Accounting International Law In 2001, the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime issued a model law for its member states including transactional cooperation recommendations. The Council’s model law has 48 sections for incorporation into national laws on cybercrime. At least 57 countries have ratified. Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Federal Statutes Related to Cybercrimes 18 U.S.C. 1029 Fraud and Related Activity in Connection with Access Devices 18 U.S.C. 1030 Fraud and Related Activity in Connection with Computers 18 U.S.C. 2701 Unlawful Access to Stored Communications Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Forensic and Investigative Accounting USA Patriot Act of 2001 The USA Patriot Act has strengthened U.S. cyber laws and expanded cybercrime definitions. Under the Act, an activity covered by the law is considered a crime if it causes a loss exceeding $5,000, impairment of medical records, harm to a person, or threat to public safety. (continued on next slide) Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Forensic and Investigative Accounting USA Patriot Act of 2001 Amendments made by the Act make it easier for an Internet service provider (ISP) to make disclosures about unlawful customer actions without the threat of civil liability to the ISP. Another revision made by the Act provides that victims of hackers can request law enforcement help in monitoring trespassers on their computer systems. Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Unenacted Legislation: Cybersecurity Act of 2009 Still important because has set the stage for: -- Allowing the President power to shut down the Internet in case of a national emergency. -- Setting national standards for cybersecurity and qualifications for cybersecurity professionals. Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act of 2015 Allows companies to share information about cyberthreats with the government and others. Creates a system for federal agencies to receive thread information from private companies. Contains provisions to prevent the act of sharing data known to be identifiable and irrelevant to cybercrimes. Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Forensic and Investigative Accounting State Legislation Many of the states have separately enacted money laundering, identity theft, online gambling, cyberstalking and other Internet statutes in their codes. Many statutes do not refer to “cybercrimes” as they were originally enacted when there was no Internet. Thus, legislative oversight in the acts tends to focus on “computer crimes,” “unlawful access,” or “property crimes.” Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Forensic and Investigative Accounting Fighting Cybercrime The following list describes the skill set needed to fight cybercrime: Ability to build an Internet audit trail. Skills needed to collect “usable” courtroom electronic evidence. Ability to trace an unauthorized system user. (continued on next slide) Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Forensic and Investigative Accounting Fighting Cybercrime Knowledge base to use in recommending or reviewing security policies. Knowledge of the most recent computer fraud techniques. Basic understanding of the information that can be collected from various computer logs. Ability to place a valuation on incurred losses from attacks. (continued on next slide) Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Forensic and Investigative Accounting Fighting Cybercrime Technical familiarity with the Internet, web servers, firewalls, attack methodologies, security procedures, and penetration testing. Understanding of organizational and legal protocols in incident handling to prevent employee rights violations. An established relationship with law enforcement agencies. Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Some KSAs for Fighting Cybercrime Ability to build an Internet audit trail. Skills needed to collect “usable” courtroom electronic evidence. Knowledge base to use in recommending or reviewing Internet security policies. Ability to place a valuation on any incurred losses from attacks. Technical familiarity with the Internet, web servers, firewalls, and general attack methodologies Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting

Filing Reports of Cybercrimes An investigator should know where, besides local law enforcement, such crimes can be reported. There are a number of websites that collect information about events that may be cybercrimes. Chapter 15 Forensic and Investigative Accounting