EQ: Were African Americans really free during/after Reconstruction? Angola for Life 13th Trailer Reconstruction GA Prison Statistics 1865-1877 EQ: Were African Americans really free during/after Reconstruction?

Reconstruction Lasted from 1865 to 1877 Rebuilding of the U.S. after the Civil War Readmission of southern states to the Union Lasted from 1865 to 1877

Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln’s Plan Wanted to be Lenient Granted pardons for all Confederates who swore allegiance to the Union

Presidential Reconstruction Andrew Johnson’s Plan Almost the same as Lincoln’s plan Created a plan for southern states to be readmitted to the Union Each remaining Confederate state could be readmitted only if they: Withdrew their succession Swore allegiance to Union Paid war debts Ratified 13th amendment Reconstruction is complete!

Problems with Presidential Reconstruction Didn’t address needs of freed slaves  land, voting rights, protection of basic rights Some states did not fully comply with the requirements, yet were readmitted and sent representatives to Congress

Thaddeus Stevens Radical Republicans Angered by presidential reconstruction Goals: Punish the South Give full citizenship to African Americans Believed that Congress should be in charge of Reconstruction, NOT the president Thaddeus Stevens

Congressional Reconstruction Led by Radical Republicans Provided legal and political rights to African Americans Eventually sent Federal troops to the South to enforce laws and protect African American rights Congressional Reconstruction

Created to assist former slaves & poor whites in the South Distributed clothing and food Set up hospitals, schools, trained teachers Freedman’s Bureau

How is the white man depicted? How is the black man depicted? What is the purpose of this cartoon? How might someone who knows nothing about the Freedman’s Bureau feel after seeing this?

Black Codes Laws passed in Southern states that restricted African American’s lives Restored many of the restrictions of slavery Examples of some black codes: African Americans could not: carry weapons serve on juries testify against whites marry whites travel without permits own land

Analyzing Black Codes With your partner: Put the law in your own words. Why was this law harmful to African Americans? Be prepared to discuss your law with the class. Analyzing Black Codes

Every negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person, or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of said negro. But said employer or former owner may permit said negro to hire his own time by special permission in writing, which permission shall not extend over seven days at any one time. Louisiana 1

No negro shall be permitted to rent or keep a house within [this particular town]. Any negro violating this [law] shall be immediately ejected and compelled to find an employer; and any person who shall rent, or give the use of any house to any negro, in violation of this section, shall pay a fine of five dollars for each offence. Louisiana 2

Servants shall not be absent from the premises without the permission of the master. South Carolina 3

No person of color shall migrate into and reside in this state, unless, within twenty days after his arrival within the same, he shall enter into a bond with two [white men] as [guarantees]. South Carolina 4

Every civil officer shall, and every person may, arrest and carry back to his or her legal employer any freedman, free negro… who shall have quit the service of his or her employer before the expiration of his or her term of service without good cause. Mississippi 5

All [African Americans] over eighteen years, found on the second Monday in January, 1866, or thereafter, with no lawful employment, or found unlawfully assembling themselves together and all white persons so assembling themselves with [them] shall be deemed [a wanderer or beggar], and on conviction… shall be fined and imprisoned. Mississippi 6

13th Amendment Abolished slavery throughout the U.S.

14th Amendment “All persons born or naturalized in the United States” are citizens of the United States Established who was a citizen Made it so African Americans were officially citizens

Said that no one can be kept from voting because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” Officially gave black men the right to vote 15th Amendment

Formally charge a president with misconduct in office Impeach Formally charge a president with misconduct in office

Andrew Johnson Impeached President Johnson and Congress did NOT get along during Reconstruction because their views on how reconstruction should happen were so different Many of the bills passed by Congress were vetoed by Johnson and then Congress would override those vetoes

Andrew Johnson Impeached Eventually, Congress got tired of dealing with Johnson and sought to impeach him The House of Representatives charged him The Senate found him not guilty so he remained president until the next election He was the first president to be impeached

Ulysses S. Grant won the election of 1868 Grant only won the popular vote by 300,000. With 500,000 black votes cast, it was clear that former slaves provided the margin of victory

The Post-War South

The South was physically destroyed and the southern economy was in ruins

Plantations, towns, farms, cities all destroyed Population destroyed Women and children malnourished or ill 1/5 of Confederate men died in the war

Southern state governments began public works programs to rebuild the South Built roads, railroads, schools, hospitals

By 1870, all Confederate states had been readmitted to the Union Republicans ran their governments

White southerners who joined the Republican party Scalawags White southerners who joined the Republican party Viewed as traitors by other southerners Most joined for selfish reasons

African Americans in Politics

Sharecropping Tenant farming Southern Economy

System where a landowner allows someone to use their land and in return gets a portion of their crop Southern landowners required so much crop as payment that African Americans didn’t have any leftover to sell to make money Kept African Americans in a “legal” form of slavery because they could never afford to leave the plantation Sharecropping

Opposition to Reconstruction Ku Klux Klan Used fear and violence against African Americans & Republicans who wanted to give and protect African American’s rights Opposition to Reconstruction http://www.history.com/topics/ku-klux-klan

The End of Reconstruction Scandals Corruption Bribery Fraud Economy tanks Panic of 1873 Democrats “redeem” the South & take over gov’t positions The End of Reconstruction

Election of 1876 One of the most disputed elections Neither candidate won a majority of the electoral vote, so Congress had to decide who would be president. Election became bargaining chip for Democrats Election of 1876

Democrats allowed the Republican candidate to become president in return for Republicans agreeing to withdraw Federal troops from the South and end Reconstruction Compromise of 1877