Knowledge Quiz What is the difference between long term and short term migration? What is a economic migrant? What is a migrant remittance? What is the difference between an refugee and asylum seeker. What is meant by international migration? What 2 components influence population change? What is net migration? Name an EU country that has experienced net in migration and offer reasons as to why migrants move there. Name an EU country that has experienced net out migration and offer reasons why. Why do many UK residents emigrate e.g. USA or Australia? Where do most of the UK’s immigrants originate from and why? Why do people want to migrate to the UK? What is meant by the term diaspora?

Inter-regional Migrant Flows: Destination Europe 1. What are the contemporary patterns of global migration? Key Ideas Content 1a. Global Migration involves dynamic flows of people between countries, regions and continents. Current spatial patterns in the numbers, composition and direction of international migrant flows, including examples of both inter-regional and intra-regional.

Inter-regional migrant flows Many thousands of people have risked their lives fleeing conflict and instability in Africa and the Middle east in the last decade in order to reach European territory – this is an example of inter-regional migration. Many of these refugees and asylum seekers head for Italy, often having travelled overland across desert areas, the migrants are then transported and sometimes set adrift in small vessels in the Mediterranean by the traffickers. According to the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), 3279 died at sea in 2014.

Inter-regional migrant flows Watch this clip.

Map: Inter-regional migration between Africa and Europe Source: BBC News, 15 September 2014

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v13kTeAHY4c&feature=youtu.be

What are the key routes of migration into Europe? Where are most migrants going? Why do you think this is? Where are most migrants coming from? Is this surprising? Do you feel people should have the right to move freely into Europe? Explain your answer.

Asylum Seeker: A person who has left their country of origin and formally applied for asylum in another country but whose application has not yet been concluded.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RvOnXh3NN9w

In 2015 estimated arrival of migrants: 1,011,700 by sea 34,900 by land Germany is shown to have received the most number of Asylum claims. 1. What might be the motivation for over 500,000 people to choose to claim Asylum in Germany. What are the benefits for Germany?

Proportional Symbol Maps In 2015 estimated arrival of migrants: 1,011,700 by sea 34,900 by land Skills Focus: Proportional Symbol Maps Germany is shown to have received the most number of Asylum claims. 1. What might be the motivation for over 500,000 people to choose to claim Asylum in Germany. What are the benefits for Germany?

Push V’s Pull. The things that people wish to get away from (negative factors) The perceived advantages of a potential destination which attract migrants.

The Simple Migration Model (is useful in explaining international migration) PUSH Origin PULL Destination These can be human and/or physical reasons – can you think of any? These can be human and/or physical reasons – can you think of any?

The Simple Migration Model (is useful in explaining international migration) PUSH Origin PULL Destination Disease vectors Little medical help Extreme poverty Natural hazards Lack of job opportunities War/conflict/political instability Family reunification Job opportunities Higher earning potential Perceived better quality of life

Lee’s Migration Model (1966) Intervening Obstacles Destination Origin - + Rivers, Lakes, Mountains, seas, climatic factors, health, transport, cultural factors e.g. language. Lee’s migration model considers forces at the origin and destination as well as intervening obstacles to migration flows. The stimuli and obstacles to migration have been strengthening over time just as technology has made it cheaper and easier to find about, and travel to, distant countries. Mobile phones have penetrated the remotest parts of LICs.

Lee’s Migration Model (1966) Intervening Obstacles Destination Origin - + Rivers, Lakes, Mountains, seas, climatic factors, health, transport, cultural factors e.g. language. What sort of intervening obstacles might migrants encounter? Every location has a range of attributes: - negative + positive 0 neutral

Lee’s Migration Model + - Intervening Obstacles Destination Origin - + Can be economic, political, environment and/or social. E.g. Financial Costs; Physical features e.g. Rivers, Lakes, Mountains, seas; climatic factors; health; transport; cultural factors e.g. language.

People will decide based on certain criteria: Are the push factors enough to force me to move? [Forced Migration] Are the pull factors enough to entice me to move? [Voluntary Migration] Do the intervening obstacles make migration worth while? Is there somewhere closer on the route that I like?[Intervening Opportunity]

Homework: The basic mechanism for international migration identified in the Lee model is a development of the simpler ‘push–pull’ model incorporating ‘intervening obstacles’. 1a) Investigate and outline the specific push and pull factors which have caused migration for any one of the routes between Africa or the Middle East and Europe shown in Figure 7.6 (the route map). 1b) Identify the intervening obstacles for Migrants along your chosen route (use an atlas). 2) With reference to Table 7.3 (Italy arrivals by sea, above), suggest reasons for both gender and ethnic differences in the composition of migrant flows from African and Middle Eastern countries to Italy.

Knowledge Checklist Can you outline the main difference between push and pull factors in the context of migration? What is meant by the term ‘intervening obstacle referred to in the Lee model of migration? Give an example of inter-regional migration – know the origin and destination of the migrants and the factors that have caused them to migrate.

Exam Tips You should be prepared to identify features of spatial patterns shown on different types of statistical maps such as choropleth maps of flow line maps. This could involve patterns of inter – and/or intra-regional migrations.