Can Hydrogen Realize Its Potential? Alan C. Lloyd, Ph.D. President, International Council on Clean Transportation National Hydrogen Association San Antonio, TX March 20, 2007

Need for Hydrogen Same drivers for hydrogen! Energy security Energy diversity Environmental Climate change More data on climate - IPCC Uncertainty in oil supplies - competition and location

Hydrogen Progress Significant progress being made in: Consumer electronics Portable and back-up power Off road applications Transportation LDV HDV Other - Ferries, etc. Following slides illustrate activity and progress in above areas

Early Markets Military Communications and Control Consumer electronics Soldiers are carrying more and more energy: 30-50 Watts > 50 pounds! Communications and Control Consumer electronics Recreation Remote power Battery Chargers Residential (non-US) 1250+ units installed in Japan Battery power is equivalent to 6% of US demand (2002) More efficient systems yield a policy benefit

Portable Fuel Cell Applications

Successful trials at GM, WalMart, FedEx Fork Lifts Advantages: Minimal refilling Less maintenance Constant power delivery - lifting power Eliminates reduction in voltage output Zero emissions The Defense Logistics Agency (DOD) has started a program to test forklifts and become an early adopter. Successful trials at GM, WalMart, FedEx

Daimler Chrysler A Class F-Cell 0-60 in 16 sec. 84 mph Non hybrid 100 vehicles in the field

Ford Fuel cell Explorer introduced in November 2006 Fuel cell/battery hybrid 60 kW Ballard PEM stack 350 mile range Accumulated more than 17,000 miles in a year

General Motors Skateboard architecture Wheel motors 0-60 < 10 sec. 300 mile range Engines being tested as generators Mass manufacture ready ~2010

Honda 2005 FCX Capacitor hybrid 5000 psi hydrogen 93 mph 190 mile range Available soon to private customers

The Next Generation

Honda FCX 350 mile range Home refueling Leasing in 2008 Mass production by 2018 “… the ultimate green vehicle.” Takeo Fukui, President

“While mechanical propulsion will be with us for many decades to come, GM sees a market for various forms of electric vehicles, including fuel cells and electric vehicles using gas and diesel engines to extend the range. With our new E-flex concept, we can produce electricity from gasoline, ethanol, bio-diesel or hydrogen.” GM VOLT concept car Ford Airstream A hydrogen-fueled battery powered plug-in.

Bus Demonstrations Worldwide CUTE: Europe Australia Iceland Tokyo CA, MI, FL AC Transit reports 2x mileage, superb performance

Many Other Vehicles Recent DOD Procurement RFP

Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines *Significant progress on H2 ICE BMW vehicle available in 2008 Mazda Renewed activity on H2 & CNG blends

BMW H2 ICE

Significant Challenges Remain Apparent loss of momentum on transportation segment Competition from bio-fuels and plug-in hybrids Not short term solutions Matching vehicle numbers with fuel infrastructure Hydrogen viewed as long term solution

What Is Needed? Variety of technologies and fuels Personal view - electric drive desired goal Fuel cells and batteries will compete More aggressive education and lobbying for hydrogen technologies required Critical period in next couple of years Demo programs Federal / State support Now or Never?

Hydrogen & Climate Come this afternoon!