Biology and the Study of Life Chapter 1C

The Attributes of Life Exhibits movement Locomotion Internal

The Attributes of Life Achieves growth Growth by assimilation, not by accumulation

The Attributes of Life Reproduces Living things reproduce by making offspring similar to the original parent(s).

The Attributes of Life Comes from similar preexisting life Biogenesis Variation with limitation

The Attributes of Life Has similar chemical makeup Organic Inorganic Protoplasm

Is water organic or inorganic?

The Attributes of Life Is composed of cells A cell is the smallest unit of life. Unicellular Multicellular

The Attributes of Life Exhibits irritability The ability to respond to stimuli in the environment

The Attributes of Life Requires energy Some organisms (but NOT all) obtain their energy from food. Food: an organic, energy-containing substance

The Attributes of Life Maintains a high level of organization

The Attributes of Life Faces death

The Living Condition Physical life Spiritual life A condition, not a substance Spiritual life

The Study of Life Microscopes

History of Microscopes Simple microscopes Single lens Anton van Leeuwenhoek: “The Father of Microscopy” Compound microscopes Two lenses Zacharias Janssen

The Compound Light Microscope Body tube Revolving nosepiece Coarse adjustment knob Fine adjustment knob Arm Base Inclination joint

The Compound Light Microscope Stage Stage clips Eyepiece or ocular lens Objective lenses Substage condenser Light source

The Compound Light Microscope The magnifying power of a microscope is equal to the power of the ocular lens times the power of the objective lens. Ex: ocular = 10X; objective = 40X Magnifying power = 400X

Electron Microscopes Magnify from 1,500 to 250,000 times Electrons replace light rays. Greater magnification and resolution Resolution: ability to distinguish fine detail

Electron Microscopes Produce electron micrographs Two types Transmission Scanning

Validity of Biological Studies Errors can be made by the biologist in his observations. Errors can result if the specimen is atypical. Errors can be made when crude techniques are used.

The Attributes of Life Exhibits movement Achieves growth Reproduces Comes from similar preexisting life Has similar chemical makeup

The Attributes of Life Is composed of cells Exhibits irritability Requires energy Maintains a high level of organization Faces death