Figure 1. (A) Domain structure of p53 and localization of the PAR binding motif (PBM) as identified in (2). Structures ... Figure 1. (A) Domain structure.

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Figure 1. (A) Domain structure of p53 and localization of the PAR binding motif (PBM) as identified in (2). Structures ... Figure 1. (A) Domain structure of p53 and localization of the PAR binding motif (PBM) as identified in (2). Structures of the DNA binding domain (DBD) in complex with DNA (PDB code: 2ahi (71)) and the tetramerization domain (TET) (PDB code: 2j0z (75)) are presented. The transactivation domain (TAD), the proline-rich region (PRR) and the C-terminal domain (CTD) are intrinsically disordered. (B) Secondary structure assignments of amide I band components. (C) Schematic representation of the ATR-FTIR spectroscopic approach. The silicon (Si) crystal is modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) silane linkers to prevent unspecific protein adsorption. The local surface concentration of p53 is enhanced by immobilizing DNA or PAR via a streptavidin-biotin bridge. Modified from Krüger et al. (31). Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Nucleic Acids Res, gkz175, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz175 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Figure 2. The CTD of p53 positively regulates binding to the p53 response element of the p21 promoter ... Figure 2. The CTD of p53 positively regulates binding to the p53 response element of the p21 promoter (DNA<sub>RE</sub>) with distinct effects on secondary structure. (A) Evaluation of p53 binding by calculating the areas of the amide I bands and normalizing them to the immobilized DNA. First, p53 variants were added to the immobilized DNA<sub>RE</sub> (‘binding’), second, the buffer was exchanged to remove unbound protein (‘buffer exchange’), and finally, the surface was washed with 500 mM NaCl to test the reversibility of the binding (‘high salt wash’). (B) Second derivative of the amide I band exemplarily shown for p53<sup>WT</sup> bound to DNA<sub>RE</sub>. (C) Representative amide I bands of p53<sup>WT</sup> and p53<sup>PBM4</sup>, both bound to DNA<sub>RE</sub>. Spectra are normalized to the area of the amide I bands. (D) Difference spectrum of p53<sup>WT</sup> and p53<sup>PBM4</sup> bound to DNA<sub>RE</sub>. Average curve (green) and standard deviation (grey) of 16 difference spectra were calculated (combinations of four spectra of p53<sup>WT</sup> and four spectra of p53<sup>PBM4</sup>, respectively). (E) Representative amide I bands of p53<sup>WT</sup> and p53<sup>1–355</sup> bound to DNA<sub>RE</sub>. Spectra are normalized to the area of the amide I bands. (F) Difference spectrum of p53<sup>WT</sup> and p53<sup>1–355</sup> bound to DNA<sub>RE</sub>. Average curve (red) and standard deviation (grey) of 16 difference spectra were calculated (combinations of four spectra of p53<sup>WT</sup> and four spectra of p53<sup>1–355</sup>, respectively). Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Nucleic Acids Res, gkz175, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz175 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Figure 4. PAR binding is dependent on p53’s CTD and results in distinct secondary structural features. (A) Comparison ... Figure 4. PAR binding is dependent on p53’s CTD and results in distinct secondary structural features. (A) Comparison of the binding of p53<sup>WT</sup> to immobilized PAR of different chain lengths. First, p53 variants were added to immobilized PAR (‘binding’), second, the buffer was exchanged to remove unbound protein (‘buffer exchange’), and finally, the surface was washed with 500 mM NaCl to test the reversibility of the binding (‘high salt wash’). Areas of the amide I bands were calculated and normalized to the immobilized PAR. (B) Comparison of the binding of different p53 variants to immobilized PAR<sub>20mer</sub>. (C) Representative amide I bands of p53<sup>WT</sup> bound to DNA<sub>RE</sub> or to PAR of different chain lengths. Spectra are normalized to the area of the amide I bands. (D) Difference spectrum of p53<sup>WT</sup> bound to DNA<sub>RE</sub> and to PAR, respectively. Average curve (blue) and standard deviation (grey) from difference spectra of p53 bound to PAR<sub>20mer</sub>, PAR<sub>30mer</sub> or PAR<sub>50mer</sub> and to DNA<sub>RE</sub> were calculated (combined data from Supplementary Figure S3C). (E) Comparison of the binding of p53<sup>WT</sup> and a DNA binding domain mutant (p53<sup>DBD-M</sup>) to DNA<sub>RE</sub> and to PAR<sub>30mer</sub>. (F) Difference spectrum of p53<sup>WT</sup> and p53<sup>DBD-M</sup> bound to PAR 30mer. Average curve (red) and standard deviation (grey) of four difference spectra was calculated (four spectra of p53<sup>WT</sup> and one spectrum of p53<sup>DBD-M</sup>). Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Nucleic Acids Res, gkz175, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz175 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Figure 5. Competitive binding of p53 to DNA and PAR Figure 5. Competitive binding of p53 to DNA and PAR. Unfractionated PAR (100 μM, concentration in ADP-ribose units) was ... Figure 5. Competitive binding of p53 to DNA and PAR. Unfractionated PAR (100 μM, concentration in ADP-ribose units) was added to p53, which was bound to immobilized DNA<sub>RE</sub>. Spectral changes were recorded over time. p53<sup>WT</sup> (A), p53<sup>PBM4</sup> (B) and p53<sup>1–355</sup> (C). (D) Quantitation of signal reduction by calculating the area of the amide I band. Spectra before addition of PAR were set to 100% and spectra after washing the crystal with 500 mM NaCl were set to 0%. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Nucleic Acids Res, gkz175, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz175 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Figure 6. Impact of DNA and PAR binding on the thermal stability of p53 variants studied by CD spectroscopy. (A) ... Figure 6. Impact of DNA and PAR binding on the thermal stability of p53 variants studied by CD spectroscopy. (A) Representative spectra of the thermal denaturation of p53<sup>WT</sup> in the absence or presence of DNA<sub>RE</sub> or unfractionated PAR. (B) Ellipticity at 220 nm of p53 variants in the absence or presence of DNA<sub>RE</sub> or unfractionated PAR plotted against temperature and normalized to ellipticity at 20°C. Representative spectra of p53<sup>PBM4</sup> and p53<sup>1–355</sup> are shown in Supplementary Figure S5D and E. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Nucleic Acids Res, gkz175, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz175 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Figure 7. Mechanistic model for the interplay of DNA and PAR binding to p53. The intrinsically disordered C-terminal ... Figure 7. Mechanistic model for the interplay of DNA and PAR binding to p53. The intrinsically disordered C-terminal domain (CTD) of p53 functions as a central regulator of DNA and PAR binding. Electrostatic attractions between the positively charged CTD and the negatively charged PAR and DNA backbone combined with distinct structural rearrangements of p53 determine binding strength. Thus, the highly negatively charged PAR represents the preferred binding partner of p53. In the CTD-driven interactions with PAR and DNA<sub>scrRE</sub> (i.e. sequence-independent DNA binding), the DBD remains a loose structure indicated by the band position of β-sheets at ∼1630 cm<sup>−1</sup> within the infrared spectrum. In contrast, sequence-specific DNA binding to the DNA<sub>RE</sub> substrate is mainly mediated via the DBD resulting in a compaction of the β-sheet-rich structure indicated by a shift of the band position of β-sheets to ∼1618 cm<sup>−1</sup>. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Nucleic Acids Res, gkz175, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz175 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Figure 3. Spectroscopic characterization of PAR Figure 3. Spectroscopic characterization of PAR. (A) Comparison of the spectra of unfractionated (unfr.) PAR and ... Figure 3. Spectroscopic characterization of PAR. (A) Comparison of the spectra of unfractionated (unfr.) PAR and ADP-ribose measured on the unmodified crystal surface for secondary structure analysis. ADP-ribose, which per se lacks the potential to form any secondary structures, served as a reference. Selected vibrational modes, sensitive to distinct secondary structures, are highlighted in red and discussed in the text. (B) Strategy for the end-biotinylation of PAR via oxime ligation. (C) Biotinylated PAR chains were separated on a 20% acrylamide gel and visualized either by blotting PAR on a membrane and detecting biotin via streptavidin-HRP (left panel) or by silver staining of the gel (right panel). (D) Immobilization of biotinylated PAR of different chain lengths on the PEG-biotin modified surface via streptavidin. Representative spectra of PAR in combination with streptavidin are shown. Antisymmetric (ν<sub>as</sub>) and symmetric phosphate vibrations (ν<sub>s</sub>) are highlighted. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Nucleic Acids Res, gkz175, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz175 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.