Brain oxygen and metabolism during circulatory arrest with intermittent brief periods of low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass in newborn piglets  Steven Schultz, MD, Diego Antoni, MD, Gregory Shears, MD, Scott Markowitz, MD, Peter Pastuszko, MD, William Greeley, MD, David F. Wilson, PhD, Anna Pastuszko, PhD  The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  Volume 132, Issue 4, Pages 839-844 (October 2006) DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.06.025 Copyright © 2006 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of DHCA with intermittent low flow. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2006 132, 839-844DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.06.025) Copyright © 2006 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Cortical oxygen pressure during DHCA and intermittent low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass. The results are means ± SD for 8 experiments in each group. aP < .05 and bP < .001 for a significant difference from DHCA values; cP < .005 for a significant difference between LF-20 and LF-80 as determined by one-way analysis of variance followed by the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2006 132, 839-844DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.06.025) Copyright © 2006 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Oxygenation of the piglet brain during DHCA and postbypass recovery. Oxygen histograms were determined by deconvolution of the distribution of phosphorescence lifetimes for Oxyphor G2 in the microcirculation. The presented histograms are for a representative control/prebypass (A), DHCA (B), intermittent low-flow 20 mL • kg−1 • min−1 (LF-20) (C), and intermittent low-flow 80 mL · kg−1 · min−1 (LF-80) (D). arb. units, Arbitrary units. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2006 132, 839-844DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.06.025) Copyright © 2006 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 The effect of intermittent low flow on DHCA-dependent release of dopamine in striatum of newborn piglets. The microdialysis probe was implanted in the striatum of newborn piglets and perfused with Ringer solution at 1 mL/min. Collection of the microdialysis samples was initiated 2 hours after the probe was inserted into the striatum. The level of dopamine was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The 3 measurements of the dopamine during the prebypass period were averaged, and the value was considered as the baseline (100%). The results are means ± SD for 8 experiments in each group. aP < .05 and bP < .001 for significant differences from control values as determined by 1-way analysis of variance, followed by the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2006 132, 839-844DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.06.025) Copyright © 2006 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions