Ch. 15 - Evolution Natural Selection

Unit 4 – Evolution (Ch. 14, 15, 16) Define Evolution List the major events that led to Charles Darwin’s development of his theory of Evolution by means of Natural Selection Summarize the major events of the Geologic Time Scale Compare and contrast early experiments that support the concept of biogenesis and disproved spontaneous generation List some examples of direct and indirect evidences of evolution List the 6 different types of fossils & the technique used to identify the age of them. Explain what the first cells were thought to be and give characteristics of them Summarize the effects of the different types of Natural Selection on gene pools Relate changes in genetic equilibrium to mechanisms of speciation Explain the role of natural selection in convergent and divergent evolution Analyze the Endosymbiotic Theory - including why the  Mitochondria and Chloroplasts were thought to be on their own. Compare and contrast modern theories of the origin of life Explain how the structural and physiological adaptations of organisms relate to natural selection Identify adaptations of primates Distinguish the evolutionary relationships of primates Summarize the major anatomical changes in hominids during human evolution List the phylogeny of the human species from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens. Identify what probable explanation allowed humans to get to North America

List some examples of direct and indirect evidences of evolution Unit 4 – Evolution (Ch. 14, 15, 16) Define Evolution List the major events that led to Charles Darwin’s development of his theory of Evolution by means of Natural Selection Summarize the major events of the Geologic Time Scale Compare and contrast early experiments that support the concept of biogenesis and disproved spontaneous generation List some examples of direct and indirect evidences of evolution List the 6 different types of fossils & the technique used to identify the age of them. Explain what the first cells were thought to be and give characteristics of them Summarize the effects of the different types of Natural Selection on gene pools Relate changes in genetic equilibrium to mechanisms of speciation Explain the role of natural selection in convergent and divergent evolution Analyze the Endosymbiotic Theory - including why the  Mitochondria and Chloroplasts were thought to be on their own. Compare and contrast modern theories of the origin of life Explain how the structural and physiological adaptations of organisms relate to natural selection Identify adaptations of primates Distinguish the evolutionary relationships of primates Summarize the major anatomical changes in hominids during human evolution List the phylogeny of the human species from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens. Identify what probable explanation allowed humans to get to North America

SWBAT Scale 4: Same as a 3.0 but I can make inferences & application to the SWBAT’s 3: I COMPLETELY understand all parts of the SWBAT 2: I understand MOST of the SWBAT’s with teacher help 1: I understand a little of the SWBAT’s but need teacher help 0: I do NOT understand any part of the SWBAT’s and need help!

Scientific American Frontiers with Alan Alda Click here to answer video worksheet questions

Watch this & answer question #13 in your packet, Natural Selection Notes-Ch. 15

Natural Selection Evidence of Evolution Charles Darwin and Natural Selection Evolution – Change in a population over time Darwin – wrote “Origin of Species” in 1859 Darwin was a naturalist on the HMS Beagle (1831-35) Collected specimens on the Galapagos Islands

Natural Selection A mechanism for change in a population Organisms with favorable traits survive to pass on traits Organisms produce more offspring that can survive Variations exist among all populations Variations that are useful in a given environment are more likely to be passed to the next generation Over time, offspring with that “beneficial” variation make up most of the population

Natural Selection Adaptations Inherited characteristics which increase the chances of surviving and reproducing Mimicry Structural adaptation to look like another organism Camouflage Blending in with the surroundings Physiological adaptations Change in metabolic processes Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics

Camouflage A method that allows certain species to blend in with the environmental surroundings for protection.

Warning coloration Is a means of natural defense employing conspicuous colors, sounds, or other methods by which an organisms openly projects a warning signal to potential predators It wants to be noticed…Notice “Stay Away!”

Mimicry is any species that has evolved to appear similar to another successful species in order to dupe predators into avoiding the mimic, or dupe prey into approaching the mimic. A mimic generally resembles its target in one or more of the following: appearance, behavior, and habitat.

Coral Snake (poisonous) Milk Snake

Fly or Wasp? Thick-headed fly Hawk Moth

Kings of Camouflage video Click here to answer video worksheet questions

Evidence of Evolution Indirect Evidence of Evolution Fossils Anatomy Provide an early record of early life and possible relationships to current life on earth Anatomy Homologous structures Structures that feature with a common evolutionary origin Forelimbs in animals Analogous structures Similar function but do not share common ancestors Bird and insect wings

Evidence of Evolution Vestigial structure Embryology Biochemistry Structure of the body that is believe to no longer have a function – but may have at one time in history Skeletal legs on a snake Embryology Study of early stages of development that shows similarities between fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals Tails and gill slits Biochemistry Study of DNA and RNA that shows the relatedness of species

Evidence of Evolution video

Mechanisms of Evolution Population Genetics and Evolution Populations Evolve Not individuals Gene Pool All of the different alleles (form of a gene) in a population Allelic frequencies Percentage of any specific allele in the gene pool Genetic Equilibrium Frequency of alleles remains the same in a population over time

Hardy-Weinberg Eq. Statement that populations will get to a point where no diversity occurs. Only when the following occurs No mutations No genetic drift Alterations in allelic frequencies by chance No gene flow Individuals cannot migrate (must stay localized)

Natural selection Types of Natural selection Stabilizing selection Favors average individuals within a population Ex. Baby’s

Natural Selection Directional Selection Disruptive Selection Favors one of the extreme variations of a trait Birds beak Disruptive Selection Favor either extreme of a trait Black and white (no grey)

Now it’s time to play the Natural Selection game. Click on the following link and follow the directions. Just have fun, make some observations with it then come back and go to the next slide…. Natural Selection Game

Click on the following link and follow the directions: Well that was interesting. Now it’s time to do a lab based on the Natural Selection Game. Click on the following link and follow the directions: Lab 10-1 Natural Selection - How To 2016

Evolution of a species

Evolution of a species Speciation Geographic Isolation Evolution of a new species Members of a similar populations no longer able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring Geographic Isolation Physical barrier divides a population Volcanic eruption, sea-level change

Evolution of species Reproductive isolation Polyploidy Formerly interbreeding, organisms can no longer mate and produce fertile offspring Mating seasons Polyploidy Species with multiple of the normal set of chromosomes More common in plants

Evolution of a species Rate of speciation Gradualism – species originate through a gradual change of adaptations Punctuated Equilibrium – speciation occurs relatively quickly, in rapid bursts with long periods of genetic equilibrium in between

Patterns of Evolution Adaptive Radiation Divergent Evolution Ancestral species evolves into an array of species to fit a number of diverse habitats Galapagos finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers Divergent Evolution One species adapt to different environments and become different species Convergent Evolution Distantly related organism evolve similar traits.

Convergent Evolution

Unit 4 – Evolution (Ch. 14, 15, 16) Define Evolution List the major events that led to Charles Darwin’s development of his theory of Evolution by means of Natural Selection Summarize the major events of the Geologic Time Scale Compare and contrast early experiments that support the concept of biogenesis and disproved spontaneous generation List some examples of direct and indirect evidences of evolution List the 6 different types of fossils & the technique used to identify the age of them. Explain what the first cells were thought to be and give characteristics of them Summarize the effects of the different types of Natural Selection on gene pools Relate changes in genetic equilibrium to mechanisms of speciation Explain the role of natural selection in convergent and divergent evolution Analyze the Endosymbiotic Theory - including why the  Mitochondria and Chloroplasts were thought to be on their own. Compare and contrast modern theories of the origin of life Explain how the structural and physiological adaptations of organisms relate to natural selection Identify adaptations of primates Distinguish the evolutionary relationships of primates Summarize the major anatomical changes in hominids during human evolution List the phylogeny of the human species from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens. Identify what probable explanation allowed humans to get to North America

SWBAT Scale 4: Same as a 3.0 but I can make inferences & application to the SWBAT’s 3: I COMPLETELY understand all parts of the SWBAT 2: I understand MOST of the SWBAT’s with teacher help 1: I understand a little of the SWBAT’s but need teacher help 0: I do NOT understand any part of the SWBAT’s and need help!

What Darwin Never Knew Video Guided Worksheet