Crucial role for autophagy in degranulation of mast cells

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Crucial role for autophagy in degranulation of mast cells Hiroko Ushio, PhD, Takashi Ueno, PhD, Yuko Kojima, PhD, Masaaki Komatsu, PhD, Satoshi Tanaka, PhD, Akitsugu Yamamoto, PhD, Yoshinobu Ichimura, PhD, Junji Ezaki, PhD, Keigo Nishida, PhD, Sachiko Komazawa-Sakon, BD, François Niyonsaba, PhD, Tetsuro Ishii, PhD, Toru Yanagawa, DDS, MD, PhD, Eiki Kominami, MD, PhD, Hideoki Ogawa, MD, PhD, Ko Okumura, MD, PhD, Hiroyasu Nakano, MD, PhD Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Volume 127, Issue 5, Pages 1267-1276.e6 (May 2011) DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1078 Copyright © 2011 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Autophagy is constitutively induced in mast cells. A and D, Conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II was analyzed by immunoblotting (IB). B, Confocal microscopic analysis of BMMCs stably expressing Cherry-LC3, BMMCs derived from Gfp-Lc3 transgenic mice, or BMMCs stained with anti-LC3 antibody. Scale bars, 10 μm. C, IL-3 + SCF-induced BMMCs, peritoneal mast cells, and human LAD2 mast cells were stained with anti-LC3 antibody or Diff-Quick. Scale bars, 10 μm. E, BMMCs cultured in indicated conditions were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. D, Electron-dense granule; V, multivesicular-like granule; A, autophagosome. Scale bars, 500 nm. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011 127, 1267-1276.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1078) Copyright © 2011 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Normal development of BMMCs derived from IFN-inducible Atg7-deficient mice. A, Complete deletion of floxed alleles of Atg7 gene of freshly prepared BM cells or 4-week-cultured BMMCs from Atg7ΔBM mice was determined by PCR. M, Marker. B, Conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II was analyzed by immunoblotting (IB). C, Atg7F/F-BMMCs and Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs were stained with anti–c-kit and anti-FcεRI antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results are representative of 6 independent experiments. MFIs of FcεRI expression on Atg7F/F-BMMCs and Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs. Results are means ± SDs of 3 independent experiments. ns, Not significant. D, Total numbers of cells during development of BMMCs from Atg7ΔBM mice are comparable to those from Atg7F/F mice. Results are means ± SDs of 3 independently prepared BMMCs. E, Atg7F/F-BMMCs and Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs after 5 weeks of culture were stained with Diff-Quick. Scale bars, 20 μm. F, Atg7F/F-BMMCs and Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs stably expressing Cherry-LC3 were analyzed by confocal microscopy. Scale bars, 10 μm. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011 127, 1267-1276.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1078) Copyright © 2011 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Autophagy plays a crucial role in FcεRI-induced degranulation by BMMCs. A, Release of β-hexosaminidase and histamine in culture supernatants and their total contents in cell lysates were measured. P/I, PMA/ionomycin. Results are means ± SDs of triplicate samples and pooled data of 9 to 10 independent experiments. B, FcεRI-induced degranulation is similarly impaired in IL-3 + SCF-induced Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs. C, Knockdown of Atg12 by siRNA in wild-type BMMCs. Relative expression levels of Atg12 mRNA were determined by qPCR. D, FcεRI-induced degranulation is impaired in Atg12 knockdown BMMCs. Results are means ± SDs of 3 independent experiments, (B and D). ∗P < .05; ∗∗P < .01; ∗∗∗P < .001. cont, Control; ns, not significant. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011 127, 1267-1276.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1078) Copyright © 2011 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 LC3 co-localizes with CD63 in Atg7F/F-BMMCs but not Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs. A, BMMCs were cotransfected with indicated expression vectors and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Scale bars, 10 μm. B, Endogenous LC3 partially co-localizes with endogenous CD63. Wild-type (WT) BMMCs were stained with indicated antibodies and analyzed as in A. Scale bars, 10 μm. C, Upregulation of CD63 on cell surface is impaired in Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs. BMMCs were unstimulated or stimulated with TNP-BSA. Expression of CD63 on cell surfaces was analyzed by flow cytometry. Relative ratios of MFI of CD63 on cell surface of Atg7F/F-BMMCs and Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs unstimulated or stimulated with TNP-BSA are shown. Results are means ± SDs of 4 independent experiments. ∗P < .05. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011 127, 1267-1276.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1078) Copyright © 2011 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 5 Extracellular release of LC3-II along with degranulation of BMMCs. A, BMMCs stably expressing Cherry-LC3 were untreated or stimulated with anti-IgE antibody and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Red box is enlarged image. Scale bars, 10 μm. B, LC3-II but not LC3-I is detected in the released granule fractions after stimulation. Cell lysates and the released granule fractions from untreated or stimulated BMMCs were analyzed by immunoblotting. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011 127, 1267-1276.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1078) Copyright © 2011 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 6 LC3-I, p62, and ubiquitinylated proteins form large aggregates in Atg7ΔBM -BMMCs. A, BMMCs were stained with indicated antibodies and analyzed by confocal microscopy UB, Ubiquitin. Scale bars, 10 μm. B, Accumulation of p62 in Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs was analyzed by immunoblotting. C, BMMCs were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Scale bar, 1 μm. Red box is enlarged image. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011 127, 1267-1276.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1078) Copyright © 2011 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 7 A severe impairment in PCA reactions in mast cell–deficient mice reconstituted with Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs. A, Skin (ear) sections from indicated mice were stained with Toluidine blue, or Alcian blue and Safranin. Arrowheads indicate mast cells. Scale bars, 20 μm. B, The numbers of skin mast cells in indicated mice. C, PCA reactions in indicated mice. Results are means ± SDs of 4 to 5 mice. B and C, ∗P < .05; ∗∗∗P < .001. Ag, Antigen; MC, mast cell; ND, Not detected. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011 127, 1267-1276.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1078) Copyright © 2011 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Induction of autophagy is correlated with maturation of BMMCs Induction of autophagy is correlated with maturation of BMMCs. A, BM-derived cells from wild-type mice were stained with anti-LC3 antibody or Diff-Quick at indicated times after starting culture. Scale bars, 10 μm. W, Weeks. B, Conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II was analyzed by immunoblotting (IB). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011 127, 1267-1276.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1078) Copyright © 2011 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

FcεRI-induced degranulation is not delayed but is severely impaired in Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs. Release of β-hexosaminidase and histamine from Atg7F/F-BMMCs and Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs at indicated times after stimulation was measured. Results are representative of 2 independent experiments showing means ± SDs of triplicate samples. ∗∗∗P < .001. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011 127, 1267-1276.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1078) Copyright © 2011 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Early signaling events are not impaired in Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs Early signaling events are not impaired in Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs. A, Ca2+ mobilization is not impaired in Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs. Results are representative of 3 independent experiments. RFU, Relative fluorescence units. B, Phosphorylation of early signaling molecules is not impaired in Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs. Results are representative of 2 to 3 independent experiments. p, Phosphorylated. C, Kinetics of relative ratios of intensities of each phosphorylated protein per corresponding total protein. Results are representative of 2 to 3 independent experiments. D, Relative ratios of p-Gab2 at 10 minutes after stimulation. Results are means ± SDs of 4 independent experiments. ns, Not significant. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011 127, 1267-1276.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1078) Copyright © 2011 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Cytokine release, LTC4 generation, and phosphorylation of MAPKs are not impaired in Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs. Release of IL-6 and TNF-α (A) and generation of LTC4 by Atg7F/F-BMMCs and Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs (B). P/I, PMA/ionomycin. Results are means ± SDs of triplicate samples of pooled data of 9 independent experiments or 3 independent experiments, respectively. Phosphorylation of MAPKs in Atg7F/F-BMMCs and Atg7ΔBM-BMMCs (C), and kinetics of relative ratios of intensities of each phosphorylated protein per corresponding total protein (D). Results are representative of 2 to 3 independent experiments ERK, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011 127, 1267-1276.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1078) Copyright © 2011 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Ablation of p62-containing aggregates does not rescue a defect in degranulation of mast cells. A, Confocal microscopic analysis of BMMCs from indicated genotyped mice stained with indicated antibodies. Scale bars, 10 μm. B, FcεRI-induced degranulation (release of β-hexosaminidase and histamine) is still impaired in BMMCs from Atg7ΔBM:p62-/- mice. Results are means ± SDs of 3 independent experiments. ∗P < .05; ∗∗∗P < .001. ns, Not significant. P/I, PMA/ionomycin. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011 127, 1267-1276.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1078) Copyright © 2011 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions