Volume 17, Issue 1, Pages 39-44 (February 2010) Effect of acute and chronic hypertension on short- and long-term spatial and avoidance memory in male rats  Gholam Reza Ghavipanjeh, Hojjatllah Alaei, Majid Khazaei, Ali Asghar Pourshanazari, Reihaneh Hoveida  Pathophysiology  Volume 17, Issue 1, Pages 39-44 (February 2010) DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.07.002 Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of tank and site of the platform. Pathophysiology 2010 17, 39-44DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.07.002) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Mean (±SEM) systolic blood pressure (mmHg). ***: significant difference (P<0.001) between control and acute hypertensive groups. ***: significant difference (P<0.001) between control and chronic hypertensive groups. Pathophysiology 2010 17, 39-44DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.07.002) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 The mean (±SEM) path lengths in Morris water maze test. The hypertension did not impair spatial learning and memory in rats of group acute and chronic hypertensive compared with the control. The path length to reach the hidden platform in total 5 days decreased in each group especially during the first day of the Morris water maze testing. The path length in chronic hypertensive group significantly is higher than other groups in 1st day. *: significant difference (P<0.05) between control and chronic hypertensive groups. ++: significant difference (P<0.01) between acute and chronic hypertensive groups. Pathophysiology 2010 17, 39-44DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.07.002) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Mean (±SEM) latency to reach the hidden platform in 5 days in different groups. The latency in chronic hypertension group was significantly higher than other groups on 3rd day. *: significant difference (P<0.05) between control and chronic hypertensive groups. +: significant difference (P<0.05) between acute and chronic hypertensive groups. Pathophysiology 2010 17, 39-44DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.07.002) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 The mean (±SEM) swim speed in Morris water maze test. The swim speed in chronic hypertensive group significantly is higher than other groups in 1st, 2nd and 3rd days. **: significant difference (P<0.01) between control and chronic hypertensive groups. ++: significant difference (P<0.01) between acute and chronic hypertensive groups. Pathophysiology 2010 17, 39-44DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.07.002) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Graphs a and b demonstrate the time spent in each of the four zones of the water maze during the 60-s probe trial that followed trial 20 on weeks one and four of training in the three groups tested. **: significantly different between control and acute hypertensive groups for one zone (Z1) on first week (P<0.01). Pathophysiology 2010 17, 39-44DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.07.002) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Comparison of the delay time to enter in the dark electric foot shock box after the electrical foot shock. Control and chronic hypertensive rats prolonged the entry delay time during the first 24h. **: significant difference (P<0.01) between control and acute hypertensive groups. +: significant difference (P<0.05) between chronic hypertensive and acute hypertensive groups. There is also a significant difference between acute hypertensive and chronic hypertensive groups in 30th day after electrical shocks (P<0.05) but the differences was not any more seen 1 week later. Pathophysiology 2010 17, 39-44DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.07.002) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions