Secession and Stalemate, 1861 - 1862 SC was first to secede in December 20, 1860 The Lower South Secedes: MS, FL, AL, GA, and LA soon followed Jefferson Davis named President, Alexander Stephens named VP of CSA Buchanan did not stop secession – deciding that it was Lincoln’s problem The Crittenden Compromise: Proposed Constitutional amendment to protect slavery where it existed 36°30’ line would extend permanently to California Lincoln did NOT support it – since his platform was the non-extension of slavery

Secession and Stalemate The Upper South Chooses Sides: April 12, 1862 – Fort Sumter in SC attacked by the South Lincoln orders Major Anderson NOT to surrender the Fort Lincoln offers command of the Union Army to Robert E. Lee, who resigns from the army to lead the Confederate troops for his home state of Virginia. Lincoln calls 75,000 militiamen into Federal service for 90 days

Border State issues Border states (MD, MO, KY, DE) Geographically important as well as providing some industry, proximity to DC, and access to the Ohio River) Lincoln had Southern sympathizers arrested in Maryland He was much more lenient with Missouri – did not want to push the state towards secession.

Secession and Stalemate, 1861 - 1862 Confederate Constitution forbid emancipation First battle – Bull Run (Manassas Junction) : The South won the 1st Battle of Bull Run – demonstrated strength and surprised those who thought that the war would be over quickly Lincoln replaced General Irvin McDowell with General George McClellan Antietam: Antietam, Maryland – Sept 17, 1862 - bloodiest day in US history McClelland had 87,000 troops – Lee had 50,000 troops North won the battle – (really it was a stalemate), and McClellan allowed Lee’s men to escape back to Virginia McClellan was dismissed n and replaced by Ambrose Burnside

The war in the South The War in the Mississippi Valley: Ulysses S. Grant was winning battles in the South for the Union Fort Donelson Fort Henry Shiloh Union army led by David Farragut captured the port city of New Orleans. His army also Took control of 1500 plantations Captured 50,000 slaves

Toward Total War Mobilizing Armies and Civilians: South succeeded in raising volunteers – honor and duty The Military Draft: Conscription (draft) – first used by the South, later the North Both sides allowed substitutes to be hired Rich people could buy their way out of service Lincoln suspended habeas corpus (allowed people to be arrested and held without trial) NYC Draft Riots (1863) (“Rich man’s war, but poor man’s fight”) 100s of people were killed

Women in Wartime: Civil War had tremendous social and economic impacts on women: Widows forced to work, women became nurses Many women took jobs in factories

Toward Total War Cont. Mobilizing Resources: North had great advantages 2/3 of population and RRs 90% of industry Southern advantages: Better Generals Homefield advantage since most of the war was fought in the South “King Cotton” – powerful trading partner with Europe (England)

Financing the war effort Republican Economic and Fiscal Policies: Congress improved the infrastructure of the US Encouraged expansion via Homestead Act and subsidies to RRs How did the North pay for the war? Higher tariffs – Republicans raise…., Bonds, printing greenbacks The South Resorts to Coercion and Inflation: South resisted taxes to raise $, issued paper $ - severe inflation