Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues Slides 3.1 – 3.19 Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function Slide 3.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy of the Cell Cells are not all the same All cells share general structures Cells are organized into three main regions Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a Slide 3.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Nucleus Control center of the cell Three regions Contains genetic material (DNA) Three regions Nuclear membrane Nucleolus Chromatin Figure 3.1b Slide 3.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nuclear Membrane Barrier of nucleus Consists of a double phospholipid membrane Contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell Slide 3.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nucleoli Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli Sites of ribosome production Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores Slide 3.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chromatin Composed of DNA and protein Scattered throughout the nucleus Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides Slide 3.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Plasma Membrane Barrier for cell contents Double phospholipid layer Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails Other materials in plasma membrane Protein Cholesterol Glycoproteins Slide 3.7a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Plasma Membrane Figure 3.2 Slide 3.7b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Plasma Membrane Specializations Microvilli Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption Figure 3.3 Slide 3.8a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Plasma Membrane Specializations Membrane junctions Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions Figure 3.3 Slide 3.8b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cytoplasm Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane Cytosol Fluid that suspends other elements Organelles Metabolic machinery of the cell Inclusions Non-functioning units Slide 3.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cytoplasmic Organelles Figure 3.4 Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cytoplasmic Organelles Ribosomes Made of protein and RNA Sites of protein synthesis Found at two locations Free in the cytoplasm Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum Slide 3.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cytoplasmic Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances Two types of ER Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Studded with ribosomes Site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs Slide 3.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cytoplasmic Organelles Golgi apparatus Modifies and packages proteins Produces different types of packages Secretory vesicles Cell membrane components Lysosomes Slide 3.13a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cytoplasmic Organelles Figure 3.5 Slide 3.13b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cytoplasmic Organelles Lysosomes Contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials within the cell Peroxisomes Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes Detoxify harmful substances Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals) Replicate by pinching in half Slide 3.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cytoplasmic Organelles Mitochondria “Powerhouses” of the cell Change shape continuously Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food Provides ATP for cellular energy Slide 3.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cytoplasmic Organelles Cytoskeleton Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm Provides the cell with an internal framework Slide 3.16a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cytoplasmic Organelles Cytoskeleton Three different types Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Figure 3.6 Slide 3.16b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cytoplasmic Organelles Centrioles Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division Slide 3.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cellular Projections Not found in all cells Used for movement Cilia moves materials across the cell surface Flagellum propels the cell Slide 3.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cell Diversity Figure 3.7; 1, 2 Slide 3.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cell Diversity Figure 3.7; 3 Slide 3.19b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cell Diversity Figure 3.7; 4, 5 Slide 3.19c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cell Diversity Figure 3.7; 6, 7 Slide 3.19d Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings