Vertebrates

Vertebrate - Animals with a backbone - Belong to phylum chordata - Vertebrates have developed head and skull Four Body Parts of Chordates 1. Tail 2. Notochord (sometimes replaced by backbone) 3. Hollow nerve cord (spinal cord 4. Pharyngeal Pouches (gills)

Endotherm - Animals creates its own heat - Chemical reactions in the body produce heat - Warm-blooded Ex: Bird and Mammals Ectotherm - Animal needs outside source of heat - Cold-blooded Ex: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles

Fish

- Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide from the water Gill - Respiratory organ - Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide from the water - Used by most fish External Fertilization - Female lays eggs, male drops sperm on them Internal Fertilization - Male deposits sperm inside of female, fertilized eggs are laid. Three Classes of Fish (Still Alive) 1. Jawless Fishes 2. Cartilaginous Fishes 3. Bony Fishes Jawless Fishes - No jaw (suction-cup mouth) - Eel-like Ex: Lamprey and Hagfish

- Body contains cartilage instead of bone Cartilaginous Fishes - Fully functional jaw Ex: Sharks and Rays Bony Fishes - Largest group - Skeleton made of bones Contain a swim bladder Ex: goldfish, catfish, tuna Swim Bladder - Gas-filled sac - Helps control floating and sinking

Amphibians and Reptiles

Amphibian Characteristics - Ectotherms - Have lungs and legs - Means “Double Life” - Young live in water and adult live on land - Thin skin to absorb water and oxygen - Complete metamorphosis -Ecological indicators sense changes in Environment with thin skin Ex: Frogs, Toads, and Salamanders Lung - Respiratory organ - Exchanges O2 and CO2 with the air

Reptile Characteristics - Adapted to live on land - Many are now extinct - Thick skin to prevent water loss - Ectotherms - Embryos develop in an amniotic egg Amniotic Egg - Contains fluid to protect egg and shell covering Yolk - Provides nutrients Shell - Prevents water loss and provides protection Allantois - Stores embryo’s waste Albumen - Provides water and protein Embryo - Developing organism after fertilization

- Shell provides protection Types of Reptiles - Shell provides protection Turtles and Tortoises - Shell also makes them slow and inflexible - Lay eggs on land - Spend most of life in water Crocodiles and Alligators - Need to breathe air - Most common reptiles Snakes and Lizards - “Taste” with their tongue - Can kill prey by poison or squeezing - Loose lower jaw to eat large prey - Many can regenerate their tail

Birds

- Closely related to reptiles Characteristics - Lay amniotic eggs in nests - Feathers and wings - Endotherm Require a lot of energy for flight—Eat a lot Fast digestion -Preen-spread oil on wings to waterproof feathers -molt-shed old feather and grow new feathers

Flight Adaptations 2. Rapidly Beating Heart 3. Air Sacs 1. Large Eyes 2. Rapidly Beating Heart 3. Air Sacs 4. Hollow Bones 5. Powerful Flight Muscles 6. Wing Shape 7. Rigid Skeleton

Brooding - Sitting on eggs - Transfers body heat - Fluffy Down Feathers - Help with warmth - Stiff Contour Feathers - Can help attract mates

Types of Birds 1. Flightless Birds 2. Water Birds 3. Perching Birds 4. Birds of Prey - Muscles are not adapted for flight Flightless Birds Ex: Penguin and Ostrich Water Birds - Webbed Feet - Adapted beaks for finding food in water Ex: Duck and Swan

Perching Birds - Adaptations for resting on branches Feet remain closed around branch Ex: Parrot and Chickadees - Eat other vertebrates Birds of Prey - Sharp claws and beak - Very good vision Ex: Owl and Osprey

Mammals

Common Characteristics 1. Making Milk - Mammary glands produces milk - Used to feed young - Diaphragm is the breathing muscle 2. Breathing Air 3. Endothermic - Helps them survive in cold environments 4. Hair - When thick = fur 5. Specialized Teeth - Incisors, canines, and molars

- Most give birth to live young 6. Sexual Reproduction 7. Large Brains - Allows learning and thinking quickly Types of Mammals 1. Placental 2. Monotreme 3. Marsupials - Embryo develops in mother’s body Placental Mammal - Length of time from fertilization to birth Gestation Period

Primate - Includes humans - Opposable thumbs - Largest brains of most mammals the same size - Considered highly intelligent Tarsier

- Lays eggs Monotreme Mammals - Uses body energy to warm eggs Echidna

- Carries young in a pouch Marsupial Mammals - Still give live birth