SIDE GROUP NAME CONDENCED FORMULA STRUCTURAL FORMULA METHYL CH3 ETHYL PROPYL C3H7 CHLORO Cl same BROMO Br IODO I c H H H H c c H H H H H H c c c H H H

ALKANES (CnH2n+2) THE INTER CARBON BONDS ARE ALL SINGLE. COMPOSED OF HYDROGEN AND CARBON (HYDROCARBON). DEFINED BY THE EQUATION CnH2n+2 NONPOLAR AND INSOLLUBLE IN WATER. REACTIONS ARE VERY SLOW. FUELS FOR COMBUSTION REACTIONS. HYDROGENS CAN BE REMOVED AND SUBSTITUTED FOR BY HALOGENS FORMMING HALOCARBONS. ALKANES HOLD AS MANY HYDROGENS AS POSSIBLE AND ARE TERMED SATURATED WITH RESPECT TO H.

NAMING ALKANES (CnH2n+2) Identify the longest unbroken (by other elements) carbon chain. Count the carbons and use table P to get the prefix of the name. Identify that the intercarbon bonds are all single, if so the suffix of the name is --ANE. BUT ANE ALL THE INTERCARBON BONDS ARE SINGLE, TABLE R INDICATES AN ALKANE. ANE PREFIX SUFFIX THE LONGEST UNBROKEN CARBON CHAIN IS 4 CARBONS, TABLE P INDICATES THE PREFIX FOR 4 CARBONS IS BUT C H C H C H C H H H

SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS SUBSTITUTED ALKANES SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS HYDROGENS ARE REMOVED AND A HALOGEN IS SUBSTITUTED IN PLACE OF THE REMOVED HYDROGENS. THE PRODUCT WILL HAVE FEWER HYDROGENS THAN THE REACTANT AND WILL HAVE HALOGEN ATOMS IN THE FORMULA. C4H10 + Cl2  C4H9Cl + HCl HALOGEN ACID HALOGEN AN ALKANE THE HYDROGENS DECREASE FROM 10 TO 9 HALOHYDROCARBON

LONGEST UNBROKEN CARBON CHAIN: This compound follows CnH2n+2( C3H6+2) 3 CARBONS PROP…. This compound follows CnH2n+2( C3H6+2) C H C H C H H H ♫ note: all carbon to carbon (C-C) are single – alkane!

C H C H C H C H Cl H 1- CHLORO BUT ANE 4 3 2 1 ALWAYS NUMBER CARBONS SUCH THAT THE SMALLEST NUMBERS ARE USED IN THE NAME! 1- CHLORO BUT ANE CARBON # OF GROUP “SIDE GROUP” PREFIX SUFFIX

H C H C BUT ANE 2- ISOMERS OF C5H12 n-PENTANE METHYL 4 3 2 1 CARBON # OF GROUP METHYL 4 3 2 1 “SIDE GROUP” BUT PREFIX ANE SUFFIX

H H C C C C H H H H H H ALKENES (CnH2n) 2- BUT ENE 4 3 2 1 THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP IS A DOUBLE BOND. THE COMPOUNDS ARE UNSATURATED, THEY CAN BOND TO MORE HYDROGEN ATOMS BY OPENING THE DOUBLE BOND. THE SUFFIX IS ENE. THIS IS 2-BUTENE BECAUSE THE DOUBLE BOND BEGINS ON THE SECOND CARBON. THE DOUBLE BOND IS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP OF THE ALKENE. H H H H C C C C 4 3 2 1 H H H H NONE NONE 2- BUT ENE CARBON # OF GROUP “SIDE GROUP” C # OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP PREFIX SUFFIX

♫ NOTE: 1-BUTENE AND 2-BUTENE ARE ISOMERS, THEY HAVE THE SAME FORMULA (C4H8) HOWEVER THEY HAVE DIFFERENT STRUCTURES. C H C H H H H H C C 4 3 2 1 2 HYDROGENS CAN BE ADDED TO THE DOUBLE BOND, NONE NONE 1- BUT ENE CARBON # OF GROUP “SIDE GROUP” C # OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP PREFIX SUFFIX