Tissue Engineering for Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery David G. Lott, MD, Jeffrey R. Janus, MD  Mayo Clinic Proceedings  Volume 89, Issue 12, Pages 1722-1733 (December 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.09.007 Copyright © 2014 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Vocal fold layers: superior view (A), cross section (B), and individual layers (C). The specialized structure of the vocal folds is in large part created through vibration. The superficial layer of the lamina propria is vital to phonation. BMZ = basement membrane zone. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2014 89, 1722-1733DOI: (10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.09.007) Copyright © 2014 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Tissue engineering fundamentals. Tissue engineering requires the synergistic combination of cells, scaffolds, and bioactive factors. Cells develop into the desired tissue, scaffolds provide structure and support, and bioactive factors aid in differentiation and cell nutrition. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2014 89, 1722-1733DOI: (10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.09.007) Copyright © 2014 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Human model for a bioengineered mandibular osseous flap. Computed tomographic scan demonstrating the final position of a titanium mesh and hydroxyapatite scaffold after being seeded with stem cells, implanted into the latissimus dorsi muscle, and transferred via microvascular technique to a segmental mandibulectomy critical defect. Black arrow shows area with adequate bone formation, white arrow shows island with minor growth. Bone densities were measured outside [1] and inside [2] blocks. From Biomaterials,53 with permission. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2014 89, 1722-1733DOI: (10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.09.007) Copyright © 2014 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions