VOLTAIC CELL: A SPONTANEOUS ENERGY RELEASING REDOX REACTION…USING Fe AND Pb ELECTRONS RELEASED BY REDUCING AGENT(THAT WHICH IS OXIDIZED-Fe(s) ELECTRONS REPELLED FROM ANODE INTO WIRE, ELECTRONS CARRY NEGATIVE CHARGE THROUGH WIRE , RELEASE CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY AS ELECTRICITY ELECTRONS GAINED BY OXIDIZING AGENT IONS IN CATHODAL SOLUTION (Pb+2 (aq) ) THE CATHODE ITSELF IS Pb SOLID. NEGATIVE SALT BRIDGE ION CARRIES NEGATIVE CHARGE BACT TO ANODE, THIS IS THE IONIC HALF OF THE CIRCUIT.

Fe0(s)  2e- + Fe2+ 2e- + Pb2+  Pb0(s) ANODE (ANOX) CATHODE (REDCAT) VOLTAIC CELL SLIDE ONE OVERVIEW ANIMATION 2e- 2e- VOLTMETER 2e- 2e- Na+ SO42- Na+ SO42- SO42- Na+ Na+ 2e- Fe Pb 2e- - Pb2+ Fe2+ Pb Pb Na+ Na+ SO42- + - Pb2+ Pb - + - + Fe0(s)  2e- + Fe2+ 2e- + Pb2+  Pb0(s) ANODE (ANOX) CATHODE (REDCAT)

ANODE LIST F0 IS: Fe0(s)  2e- + Fe2+ OXIDIZED IS THE ANODE TOPMOST ON TABLE J. IS ELECTRON SOURCE IS REDUCING AGENT IS COVERTED TO AN AQUIOUS ION. THE ANODE: 1) IS NEGATIVE DUE TO ELECTRONS BEING PRODUCED. DISSOLVES…LOSES MASS THE ANODAL SOLUTION BECOMES + DUE TO PRODUCTION OF A POSITIVE ION…SALT BRIDGE – ION NEUTRALIZES.

CATHODE LIST Pb+2 IS: 2e- + Pb2+  Pb0(s) REDUCED REACTS AT CATHODE (Pb 0) BOTTOM MOST ON TABLE J. IS ELECTRON DESTINATION IS OXIDIZING AGENT AGENT ITS AQUIOUS ION IS SOLIDIFIED. THE CATHODE: 1) IS POSITIVE DUE TO ELECTRONS BEING CONSUMED. ELECTROPLATED…GAINS MASS THE CATHODAL SOLUTION BECOMES - DUE TO CONSUMPTION OF A POSITIVE ION…SALT BRIDGE + ION NEUTRALIZES.

ELECTRON FLOW THE CIRCUIT - ELECTRODES: FROM ANODE (SOLID IRON Fe) TRANSFERS ELECTRONS TO CATHODE (SOLID LEAD Pb). SPECIES: FROM Fe0 TO Pb+2 THE CIRCUIT -THE WIRE:THE FLOW OF ELECTRONS FROM ANODE TO CATHODE IS ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION, - CHARGE LEAVES ANODE CARRIED BY ELECTRONS. -SALT BRIDGE: NEGATIVE CHARGE RETURNS TO ANODE AS NEGATIVE IONS. NOTE ♪, ELECTRONS NEVER TRAVEL IN SALT BRIDGE OR ANY SOLUTION.

Fe0(s)  2e- + Fe2+ 2e- + Pb2+  Pb0(s) ANODE (ANOX) CATHODE (REDCAT) VOLTAIC CELL SLIDE TWO THE ANODE AS THE Fe(S) IS OXIDIZED, IT DISSOLVES AND THE ANODE LOSES MASS AND 2e- ARE RELEASED AS THE Fe(S) IS OXIDIZED, IT DISSOLVES AND THE ANODE LOSES MASS, THE IRON(II) IONS WILL MAKE THE ANODE SOLUTION POSITIVE, THEREFORE THE NEGATIVE SALT BRIDGE ION MOVES IN TO NEGATE THE + CHARGE VOLTMETER Na+ SO42- Na+ SO42- SO42- Na+ Na+ 2e- Fe Pb Fe2+ NSBTA Negative salt bridge to anode Never sell booze to adolescents! SO42- Pb2+ Pb Fe0(s)  2e- + Fe2+ 2e- + Pb2+  Pb0(s) ANODE (ANOX) CATHODE (REDCAT)

Fe0(s)  2e- + Fe2+ 2e- + Pb2+  Pb0(s) ANODE (ANOX) CATHODE (REDCAT) VOLTAIC CELL SLIDE THREE e- FLOW 2e- 2e- VOLTMETER 2e- 2e- ELECTRONS ALWAYS MOVE FROM ANODE TO CATHODE (FATCAT). THE ELECTRONS BUILD UP IN THE ANODE MAKING IT NEGATIVE, TRAVEL TO THE CATHODE WHERE A METAL ION GAINS THEM IN REDUCTION, THE CATHODE IS POSITIVE. VOLTMETER ALWAYS POINTS TO CATHODE, Na+ SO42- Na+ SO42- Na+ Na+ 2e- Fe Pb 2e- Fe2+ SO42- Pb2+ Pb Fe0(s)  2e- + Fe2+ 2e- + Pb2+  Pb0(s) ANODE (ANOX) CATHODE (REDCAT)

Fe0(s)  2e- + Fe2+ 2e- + Pb2+  Pb0(s) ANODE (ANOX) CATHODE (REDCAT) VOLTAIC CELL SLIDE FOUR THE CATHODE 2e- 2e- VOLTMETER 2e- THE POSITIVE SALT ION MIGRATES TO THE CATHODE TO REPLACE + CHARGE LOST AS Pb(II) ARE REDUCED TO Pb SOLID. 2e- THE SOLID LEAD BONDS (METALLIC BONDING) THE CATHODE WHICH GAINS MASS. THIS IS ELECTROPLATING. Na+ SO42- Na+ SO42- SO42- Na+ Na+ 2e- Fe Pb 2e- Fe2+ Pb2+ Pb Na+ Na+ SO42- AS ELECTRONS ARE GAINED BY Pb(II) IONS FROM THE CATHODE, THE IONS BECOME REDUCED INTO Pb(S) Pb2+ Pb Fe0(s)  2e- + Fe2+ 2e- + Pb2+  Pb0(s) ANODE (ANOX) CATHODE (REDCAT)