Table of Contents The Plant Kingdom Photosynthesis and Light Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails

-Multicellular organisms with tissues and organs. What is a Plant? -Multicellular organisms with tissues and organs. -Contain chlorophyll inside chloroplasts and can make food. -Can not move from place to place. -Made of eukaryotic cells with cell walls.

Plant Cell Chloroplast Nucleus Vacuole Cell Wall Cell Membrane - The Plant Kingdom Plant Cell Chloroplast Nucleus Vacuole Cell Wall Cell Membrane

Plant Cell Structure Activity - The Plant Kingdom Plant Cell Structure Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about plant cell structure.

*Obtain water and nutrients from soil —plants evolved roots. Adaptations to Land -To move to land, plants had to develop adaptations to solve the following problems: *Prevent water loss —cell walls made of cellulose help prevent water loss. Most land plants also have a waxy covering called a cuticle on their stems and leaves that also aids in preventing water loss. *Obtain water and nutrients from soil —plants evolved roots.

*Transport Materials —water moves up and food moves down through most plants through tube-like vascular tissue. *Support their own weight —cell walls and vascular tissue provide structure and support. Stems and roots then evolved. *Reproduction —the most successful land plants evolved ways to reproduce without water (seeds).

- The Plant Kingdom Water Loss in Plants The graph shows how much water a certain plant loses during the hours shown.

Water Loss in Plants - The Plant Kingdom Reading Graphs: What variable is plotted along each axis? Horizontal axis–time of day; vertical axis–water loss.

Water Loss in Plants - The Plant Kingdom Interpreting Data: According to the graph, during what part of the day did the plant lose the most water? The least water? Most–midday; least–in the evening.

Water Loss in Plants - The Plant Kingdom Drawing Conclusions: What could account for the pattern of water loss shown? The plant seemed to lose the most water during the sunniest or warmest parts of the day.

Water Loss in Plants - The Plant Kingdom Predicting: How would you expect the graph to look from 10 p.m. to 8 a.m.? Explain your reasoning. The line graph would descend during the night and then rise again in the morning hours, because the water loss is less during the night when there is no sun.

Origin of Plants -Evolved from one-celled, plant-like protists in the ocean (Green Algae) *Fossil record is sketchy because most plants decay before they form fossils. *Oldest plant fossils are about 400 million years old. They had no leaves and their stems grew underground.

-All plants make food through the process of photosynthesis. *During photosynthesis, plants use energy from sunlight to change carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.

Sunlight or “white light” is made of all of the colors of the rainbow (the visible spectrum).

2. Plants absorb most of these colors except green 2. Plants absorb most of these colors except green. Green light is reflected by the pigment known as chlorophyll. 3. Other plant pigments reflect other colors and are called accessory pigments. We see them mostly in the fall, when plants stop making chlorophyll.

The Photosynthesis Process - Photosynthesis and Light The Photosynthesis Process -In photosynthesis, the energy in sunlight is used to make sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.

The Big Picture of Photosynthesis -Water enters through the roots of the plant. -Carbon dioxide enters through tiny openings in the leaves of the plant called stomata. -They travel to the chloroplasts where they are changed into a special sugar, called glucose, and oxygen.

-Glucose is the plant’s food -Glucose is the plant’s food. It is broken down, just like our food, to give the plant energy to grow, develop, respond and reproduce. -Most of the oxygen is released also through the stomata of the leaves and used by other organisms.

The Photosynthesis Process Activity - Photosynthesis and Light The Photosynthesis Process Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the photosynthesis process.

The Photosynthesis Equation -The many chemical reactions of photosynthesis can be summarized by this equation: light energy carbon dioxide + water sugar + oxygen 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Click the Video button to watch a movie about photosynthesis. - Photosynthesis and Light Photosynthesis Click the Video button to watch a movie about photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis Video 13 minutes with video quiz that follows

Previewing Visuals - Photosynthesis and Light Preview Figure 9. Then write three questions that you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions. Water Vascular System Q. How is sunlight involved in photosynthesis? A. The energy in sunlight is used to make sugar. Q. Why does a plant need sugar? A. The plant uses energy from the sugar to carry out life functions. Q. How does the plant use the water its roots take in? A. Water molecules combine with carbon dioxide to form sugar and oxygen during photosynthesis

Classification of Plants -The Plant Kingdom is divided into nine divisions *The first division includes nonvascular plants. Nonvascular plants have no vessels (vascular tissue) for transporting food and water. Therefore, they are all very small and grow in damp shady places. They include: 1. Division Bryophyta: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Classification of Plants *The remaining eight divisions are all vascular plants. Vascular plants have vessels (vascular tissue) to transport water and materials and help support the plant. Therefore they can grow very tall and are better suited to all land habitats. Some reproduce using spores and some use seeds.

This chapter will look at the three divisions of seedless vascular plants. 1. Division Lycophyta —club mosses 2. Division Sphenophyta —horsetails 3. Division Pterophyta —ferns

-Mosses are the most common type of bryophyte. Division Bryophyta -Mosses are the most common type of bryophyte. *10,000 different species *All are simple, rootless plants with leaf-like growths in a spiral around a stalk. *Range in size from 2-5 cm in height *Root-like threads called rhizoids replace true roots and hold the moss in place.

Division Bryophyta Liverworts —simple, rootless plants that have a flattened, leaf-like body. Their name means, “liver herb” and in the Middle Ages, people believed this plant looked like one’s liver.

Division Bryophyta Hornworts —small plants with flat, round, leaf-like structures. It’s sporophyte looks like an animal’s horn. They live near lakes and rivers.

Importance of Bryophytes -Bryophytes such as mosses and liverworts are often called pioneer plants because they are the first to grow in new or disturbed areas. -Nonvascular plants like them were also probably the first land plants to evolve millions of years ago. -Many people use peat moss from bogs in agriculture and gardening.

the sporophyte stage and the gametophyte stage. Complex Life Cycles -Simple plants like mosses and other bryophytes have complex life cycles that include two different stages: the sporophyte stage and the gametophyte stage.

- The Plant Kingdom Complex Life Cycles

- Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts -A moss gametophyte is the green leafy part of the plant and the root-like rhizoids. There are separate male and female gametophytes. -The moss sporophyte is made of a stalk and a capsule. It grows from the zygote cell and will produce new spores that will grow into new gametophytes.

Another look at the moss reproduction process.

Identifying Main Ideas - Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts Identifying Main Ideas As you read this section, write the main idea–the biggest or most important idea–in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write three supporting details that give examples of the main idea. Main Idea Nonvascular plants include… Detail Detail Detail Mosses Liverworts Hornworts

Links on Nonvascular Plants - Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts Links on Nonvascular Plants Click the SciLinks button for links on nonvascular plants.

Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants - Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails also reproduce using spores not seeds. However, they have vascular tissue which means they can grow much taller. There are three divisions of seedless vascular plants.

Division Lycophyta Division Lycophyta— also known as club moss. Produce spores in structures that look like tiny pinecones. Sometimes called ground pine.

Division Sphenophyta Division Sphenophyta—also known as horsetails. Stems are jointed with a hollow center. They contain silica (a gritty substance found in sand). They were used by pioneers to scour their pots and pans.

Division Pterophyta Division Pterophyta —includes all species of ferns. Largest group of seedless vascular plants. Ancient species were huge (25 meters). Today, the largest species are 3-5 meters. These ancient fern forests formed today’s coal deposits.

Characteristics of Ferns - Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails Characteristics of Ferns -Most ferns have underground stems in addition to roots. The leaves, or fronds, grow above ground.

Fern Reproduction -Ferns and other seedless vascular plants also reproduce using a sporophyte and a gametophyte generation. Fern gametophyte with young sporophyte beginning to grow Fern sporophyte with spore cases called sori

Complex Life Cycle of Ferns -The sporophyte is the fern leaf or “frond”. On the underside of the frond are spore cases called sori. These release thousands of spores. A spore grows into a heart-shaped gametophyte It is held in place by root-like structures called rhizoids and has both sperm and egg cells on it. They unite and a new sporophyte begins to grow.

Wrap-up -Both mosses and ferns rely on water for reproduction because the sperm cells must swim to egg cells. Therefore, these plants live only in fairly moist areas. It wasn’t until plants evolved seeds for reproduction that they truly became successful in all land habitats. -Seed producing vascular plants include all other plants not discussed in this chapter. We will be studying them next.

Building Vocabulary - The Plant Kingdom A definition states the meaning of a word or phrase by telling about its most important feature or function. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term in your own words. Key Terms: Examples: nonvascular plant vascular plant chlorophyll Key Terms: Examples: sporophyte gametophyte Key Terms: Examples: cuticle vascular tissue fertilization zygote Key Terms: Examples: photosynthesis Plants that lack a well-developed system of tubes for transporting water and other materials are known as nonvascular plants. Sunlight provides the energy for this food-making process, called photosynthesis. In the sporophyte stage, the plant produces spores, tiny cells that can grow into new organisms. One adaptation that helps a plant reduce water loss is a waxy, waterproof layer called the cuticle, which covers the leaves of most plants. tissue No matter how large or small a plant is, its cells are organized into tissues—groups of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism. In the gametophyte stage, the plant produces two kinds of sex cells: sperm cells and egg cells. Vascular tissue is a system of tubelike structures inside a plant through which water, minerals, and food move. Plants with true vascular tissue are called vascular plants. chloroplast Chloroplasts, which look something like green jelly beans, are the structures in which food is made. Biologists studied a green pigment called chlorophyll, found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell unites with an egg cell. vacuole A vacuole is a large storage sac that can expand and shrink like a balloon. A fertilized egg is called a zygote.

Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails Asking Questions Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what, how, or where question for each heading. As you read, write the answers to your questions. Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails Question Answer What are the characteristics of seedless vascular plants? Seedless vascular plants have vascular tissue; they do not produce seeds; they reproduce by releasing spores. How do ferns reproduce? Ferns reproduce by spores that form on the underside of their fronds. How do club mosses differ from true mosses? Club mosses have vascular tissue.

Graphic Organizer Characteristic Moss Fern Size Small and low Can be tall Environment Moist Moist Rootlike, stemlike, leaflike structures True roots, stems, and leaves Body parts Familiar generation Gametophyte Sporophyte Is true vascular tissue present? No Yes