Human Growth and Development Day #4 September 17, 2012 Fort Omaha 2 – 3:55 p.m.

Agenda for Day #3 Identifying Variables Continue Methods Cohort group activity Reminder – extra credit opportunity – Powwow Saturday

Common Methodologies Surveys Interviews Questionnaires Observations Participant Unobtrusive Simulated Case studies Experimental Studies

Approaches to developmental studies Cross- sectional studies study several age groups simultaneously Longitudinal studies study the same subjects over a period of time Sequential studies

Correlation vs. Causation Correlation – two events or variables appear to be related to one another Causation – one event or variable can be shown to “cause” the other to happen can be established only through experimental studies.

Design of Experiment DV Pretest Post-test Control group Experimental Group Apply IV

Ethical Issues Do not deceive, coerce or harm the subjects Collect data using ethical procedures Protect confidentiality of subjects Report results accurately

Opening Day Survey Hypothesis: Men and women will differ in their preference for comfort/snack foods. Men are more likely to prefer salty or savory snacks whereas women are more likely to prefer sweet foods. IV = sex of the individual (variables are never the people; some characteristic of the person) DV = snack/comfort food preference; salty or sweet foods

Survey Results Can I support my hypotheses? Sex Sweet Salty/Savory Not scored Male 7 1 Female 16 20 Total (N=52) 23 27 2 Can I support my hypotheses? If I were on a committee working with the bookstore and food service/ vending for the College, how might I use these results?

Cohort Group Activity How one develops depends on the context in which they have the opportunity to develop.

Questions to discuss Who was President when you were born? The first you remember? If your are an international student or naturalized citizen, tell us what form of government you had and what was going on in your homeland at the time of your birth….. Name some event that happened near the time of your birth? What was your favorite TV show as a grade school child? Who/what was a popular music group you remember as a teen?

Group Activity in Progress 10 minutes remaining Who was President when you were born? The first you remember? If your are an international student or naturalized citizen, tell us what form of government you had and what was going on in your homeland at the time of your birth….. Name some event that happened near the time of your birth? What was your favorite TV show as a grade school child? Who/what was a popular music group you remember as a teen?

Group Activity in Progress 8 minutes remaining Who was President when you were born? The first you remember? If your are an international student or naturalized citizen, tell us what form of government you had and what was going on in your homeland at the time of your birth….. Name some event that happened near the time of your birth? What was your favorite TV show as a grade school child? Who/what was a popular music group you remember as a teen?

Group Activity in Progress 6 minutes remaining Who was President when you were born? The first you remember? If your are an international student or naturalized citizen, tell us what form of government you had and what was going on in your homeland at the time of your birth….. Name some event that happened near the time of your birth? What was your favorite TV show as a grade school child? Who/what was a popular music group you remember as a teen?

Group Activity in Progress 4 minutes remaining Who was President when you were born? The first you remember? If your are an international student or naturalized citizen, tell us what form of government you had and what was going on in your homeland at the time of your birth….. Name some event that happened near the time of your birth? What was your favorite TV show as a grade school child? Who/what was a popular music group you remember as a teen?

Group Activity in Progress 2 minutes remaining Who was President when you were born? The first you remember? If your are an international student or naturalized citizen, tell us what form of government you had and what was going on in your homeland at the time of your birth….. Name some event that happened near the time of your birth? What was your favorite TV show as a grade school child? Who/what was a popular music group you remember as a teen?

Summary Report Out of results now!

Roll Call Report-out Who was President when you were born? The first you remember? Name some event that happened near the time of your birth? What was your favorite TV show as a grade school child? Who/what was a popular music group you remember as a teen?

Birth Cohort or Generational Effects Different generations can have unique experiences Your generation grew up with computers 100 years ago people didn’t have radio Your grand parents and/or great-grandparents may have lived through World War Two or the 1930s Great Depression When (and where) you were born could affect nutrition, sleeping arrangements, your age at marriage, political preferences, etc. In cross-sectional studies or “one-shot”, cohort and aging effects may become entangled © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers

Photo: While undergoing spina bifida surgery in utero, 21-week-old fetus Samuel Armas grips the finger of Dr. Joseph Bruner through the incision. August, 1999

2003 March 2007 “Samuel arrived on Thursday, Dec. 2 at 6:25 pm at Northside Hospital weighing 5 lbs 11 oz and 20 1/2 " long. He was born at 36 weeks but came into the world screaming his head off! He did not have to spend any time in a neonatal unit and came home with us on Monday, Dec. 6.” quote from Mother members.tripod.com/~joseromia/samuel.html

http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,519181,00.html May, 2009

Genetics and Genetics and Human Development

Human Karotype .

GENETIC FOUNDATIONS OF DEVELOPMENT Each of us carries a “genetic code” that we inherited from our parents A fertilized human egg carries this human code fertilized human egg cannot grow into any other species

Human Genetics Each of us began life as a single cell weighing about one twenty-millionth of an ounce This cell contained our entire genetic code

Chromosomes Nucleus of each human cell contains chromosomes thread-like structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. DNA is a complex molecule that has a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase, and contains genetic information

DNA Molecule For more detail: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkcFqif7H5k&feature=related

Genes Genes - units of hereditary information short segments of DNA Genes direct cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins Proteins the building blocks of cells the regulators that direct the body’s processes (Mader, 2008)

Human Genome Project Preliminary map of the human genome the complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism Each human has 20,000 – 30,000 genes

Assignment Finish reading Chapters 1 – 2