Building Technology

Building Execution Planning : Predetermined course of action to obtain the desired project activities. It also involves the formulation of alternatives and chooses the best suitable. During planning phase, project is required to be split up into well definable work in terms of time and resources. Scheduling: It is the arranging of the work plan in the sequence of time. Scoping : Scoping is the defining the object of the project. Thus, the project must be stated in the definite end measurable terms, which include costs, schedule or quality of performance. Thus we obtain realistic and specific objective of the project during scoping. Organizing : Integrating the resources in the project is termed as organizing. Money, equipment, time, technology, manpower, materials are resources. Putting them together to obtain desired result in organizing.

Controlling : Controlling is the monitoring, influencing and directing the project. The progress of project is assessed through suitable measure; deviations are discovered and corrective measures are taken to rectify the deviation. Following steps are involved in controlling a project. Assess the progress of the project, measure quality and flow of money. Compare with original schedule, specification, design. Also obtain the quality of conformance. Take necessary action to correct if there is any deviation from the earlier plans.

Directing: It is function of project leader to give instructions to subordinates, supervise their work and corresponds to the report when they give as feedback. Basically directing is linked with organization setup of project management team. Staffing: This is the process of dividing the project work and placing suitable person at the appropriate positions. Recruitment, training and their assessment are part of staffing. Coordinating: This is the process of interaction between different departments or functionalities in the project management group which generally follows pyramidal structure.  Estimation: Estimation evaluates the resources in terms of cost. Planning evaluates the resources in terms of time. Adding both together as is necessary to obtain the cash flow.

Construction steps:- Grading and site preparation Foundation construction Framing Installation of windows and doors Roofing Siding Rough electrical Rough plumbing Rough HVAC Insulation Drywall Underlayment Trim Painting Finish electrical Bathroom and kitchen counters and cabinets Finish plumbing Carpet and flooring Finish HVAC Hookup to water main, or well drilling Hookup to sewer or installation of a septic system Punch list

Stone masonry important terms Sill Corbel Course Cornice Weathering Throating Lacing course Facing

Stone masonry Based on arrangement of the stones in the construction and degree of refinement in surface finish 1.Rubble masonry 2.Ashlar masonry

Rubble masonry Stones are undressed or roughly dressed having wider joints Strength depends 1.Quality of mortar 2.Use of long through stones at particular interval 3.Proper filling of mortar

Types 1.Uncoursed 2.Coursed 3.Random 4.Dry 5.Polygonal 6.Flint

Coursed rubble Heights 50 to 200mm Stones sorted out Use Public and residential buildings Types 1.Course rubble masonry I sort 2.Course rubble masonry II sort 3.Course rubble masonry III sort

Course rubble masonry I sort Stones and courses same height Face stones dressing by hammer Bushings wont don’t project by more than 40 mm Thickness mortar joint <10mm

Course rubble masonry II sort Stones different height course same height Two stones used to make one height of one course Thickness mortar joint <12mm

Course rubble masonry III sort Stones different height min 50 mm course need not same height Three stones used to make one height of one course Thickness mortar joint <16mm

Uncoursed rubble masonry Stones are not dressed Available from quarry Courses are not maintained regularly Larger stones laid first Space filled by means of spalls or snecks Wall 300 to 500 mm Use compound walls,godowns, garage ,labour quarters

Uncoursed rubble masonry

Random rubble Stones irregular size and shape Arranged to get good appearance Skill need to make structurally stable Random rubble masonry I sort Face stones chisel dressed Thickness mortar joint <6mm Face hammer chisel dressed Thickness mortar joint <12mm Use compound walls,godowns,residential

Dry rubble Course rubble III sort No mortor Cheap but skill work need Use compound wall,pitching on bridge approaches,retaining walls

Polygonal rubble Stones hammer dressed Stones face work are dressed in irregular polygonal shape More skill need regard stability and appearance

Flint Stones used flints Width and thickness vary from 80 to 150 mm The face arrangements either coursed or uncoursed Strength of a flint walls increased by lacing course long stones or bricks at verical distance of 1 to 2m Places where flints be available

Ashlar Square or rectangular blocks of stone Not same height necessary Height varies from 250 to 300 mm Length of stones not to exceed 3 times the height and depth into wall atleast equal to half the height

Ashlar types 1.Ashlar fine masonry 2.Ashlar rough tooled masonry Ashlar rock or quarry faced masonry Ashlar chamfered masonry Ashlar block in course masonry Beds and stones finely dressed Stones in proper bond Thickness not to exceed 3mm Smooth appearance but costly

Ashlar rough tooled masonry Beds and sides are finely chisel dressed Face made rough by tools Strip 25 mm wide provided around perimeter of every stone by chisel exposed for view Thickness of mortar joint not to 6mm Bastard ashlar

Ashlar rock or quarry faced Strip 25 mm Remaining left as received from quarry Projections exceed 80 mm removed by hammer Massive appearance

Ashlar chamfered masonry Strip Chamfered at an angle 45 Strip 12 mm Projections exceed 80 mm removed by hammer

Ashlar block in course Intermediate between rubble and ashlar Face hammer dressed Thickness not exceed 6mm Depth 200 to 300 mm Use Heavy engineering works retaining walls,sea walls Theatre,temple,railway station,bridges and public buildings