Animal Health Ms. Paulisich

Detecting Unhealthy Animals Decreased appetite Depressed Isolated- from group Stiff moving Inattentive Hunch back Mucus discharge Coughing Weezing

Disease Any deviation from normal health in which there are physiological, anatomical, and chemical change in animal’s body. Disease divided according to progress: Acute: Sudden appearance of symptoms Chronic: Develops more slowly and lingers Will frequently reappear

What Causes Disease? “Germs”: bacteria, viruses, protozoa Parasites: worms, insects Infestations: external parasites Infectious: internal disease Injury: handling, facilities Inherited Genes Poor Nutrition Toxic materials in plants Chemicals for insect control

Two Major Disease Types Noninfectious- not contagious Injury Genetic abnormalities Poor Nutrition Poisoning Infectious- may or may not be contagious Bacteria Viruses Protozoa Fungus

Body has 2 “lines” of defense against disease organisms The first line of defense includes: Skin- thick hide and wool Mucous membranes- mucous and hair trap Gut- acids, bacteria, enzymes Cell wall Tears- flush out Coughing- pushing anything out Flushing effect of urination

Body has 2 “lines” of defense against disease organisms The second line of defense includes: White blood cells Lymphatic system Liver Antibodies- Disease specific

Conditions that could cause illness Overwork Stress Long Shipments Weaning Injury Management Practices Access to stagnant water Spoiled Feeds Poisonous plants

Conditions that could cause illness Exposure to: Cold Heat Rain Snow Sun Humidity Other animals Parasites

Typical signs of Infection: Redness Swelling Localized heat Increased body temperature Pain * All signs to get better and fight against infection

Diseases can be spread by: Direct contact- physical animal and bodily secretions Inanimate objects-halter, water trough, feeder Soil- dormant in soil Food and Water Airborne infection Blood Suckers Bodily Organisms

Preventative Herd Health Vet Assisted Planning Sanitation Proper Nutrition Record Analysis Physical Facilities Source of livestock Isolate new/ returning animals for 3-4 weeks

Preventative Herd Health Minimize stress Personal training Proper use of pharmaceuticals It is better to prevent than treat

Giving Injections Why do we give injections? Improve Health Control Disease Increase Productivity

Injections Given… Subcutaneous (SC): Under the skin Intramuscular (IM): Into the muscle Intravenous (IV): Into the bloodstream

Injections Regardless of animal age, all injections—intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SQ) medications and vaccines – should be given in front of the shoulders, in the neck region, but never in the rump, top loin, or back leg.

Subcutaneous Injections Sub-Q: Below the skin Tent the skin- neck area 45 degree angle

Sub-Q Injections

Intramuscular Injections IM: Into the muscle 45 degree angle

IM Injections

Use appropriate gauge and length of needle Sub-Q: ¾ -1 inch ………16-18 gauge IM: 1-1 ½ inch …………16 or 18 gauge Gauge: Diameter of the needle Larger gauge= smaller diameter needle Smaller gauge= larger diameter needle

Can you see the difference?

Medication/ Vaccine Use READ THE LABEL before using any product! Amount- don’t double Pregnancy status and age Location of administration Observe expiration date Use separate needle for filling syringe & administration Mix thoroughly Refrigerate or destroy partially used containers

Medication/ Vaccine Use Spread out injections Use sterile equipment or at least change needles every 10-20 head Mare sure hide/skin is clean of mud & manure DO NOT use skin disinfectant or dip needle in disinfectant before use DO NOT mix vaccines Follow guidelines on injection site