REVIEW Carrying capacity Population dynamics Fecundity

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Populations.
Advertisements

Factors Affecting Population Change. Are you Dense…ity-Dependent? There are a variety of factors that can cause a population to change in some manner.
Interaction in Ecosystems 1. Biotic Interactions 2. Symbiotic Relationships 3. The costs, benefits and consequences of interactions.
Factors That Regulate Natural Populations
Each of the following is an abiotic factor in the environment EXCEPT
Living In Ecosystems- Population Dynamics Chapter 30 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display.
I. Populations (Chap ) A. Size 1. smaller populations risk extinction 2. population growth is limited a. carrying capacity = the maximum number of.
Populations Section #2: How Species Interact With Each Other.
Populations Chapter 8. Population Definition – all the members of a species living in the same place at the same time. Species – What? Place – Where?
Chapter 8: Population Dynamics, Carrying Capacity, and Conservation Biology 8-1 POPULATION DYNAMICS & CARRYING CAPACITY Population – all members of the.
What Is a Population? All the members of a species living in the same place at the same time –a reproductive group –Refers to the group in general and.
Understanding PopulationsSection 2 Objectives Explain the difference between niche and habitat. Describe the five major types of interactions between species.
Factors Affecting Population Change. Exponential Vs. Logistic Growth.
Population Dynamics Chapter 14: Population Ecology.
Option G: Conservation Ecology G1 Community Ecology (pg )
Interactions within Communities
Understanding Populations
Interactions within Communities. A community consists of all populations of different species that interact together in a given ecosystem. Some organisms.
Interactions within Communities SBI4U. Ecological Niches Community All populations in a given ecosystem at a specific time Types of niches Ecological.
INTERACTIONS WITHIN COMMUNITIES Community: Populations of different species living in the same area.
Interactions within Communities. Populations of different species interact in a community Some organisms rely on other organisms within the community.
Chapter 14 Interactions in Ecosystems. Section 14.1 Habitat and Niche.
Objective  Explain how population sizes are regulated.
Interactions Among Living Things. Adapting to the Environment Every organism has a variety of adaptations that are suited to its specific living conditions.
Populations and Communities.  Standard 3: Students know and understand the characteristics and structure of living things, the processes of life, and.
Unit III: Populations Chapter 8: Understanding Populations 8-1 How Populations Change in Size Population: all members of a species living in the same place.
Factors that regulate Natural populations Chapter 11.3 McGraw-Hill Ryerson (2011)
Interactions within Communities. Populations of different species interact in a community Some organisms rely on other organisms within the community.
Populations and Resources. Population Is a group of organisms of one species that lives in the same place, at the same time, and can successfully reproduce.
Understanding Populations Chapter 8 Environmental Science.
Chapter 8. What is a population? The given number of a given species in a given area at a given time.
How Do Living Things Interact With Each Other?: Community Interactions.
Habitat and Niche Community Interactions Population Density and Distribution Population Growth Patterns Ecological Succession
Chapter 18 Interactions of Living Things. Section 18.1 Living vs. Nonliving.
All interactions between biotic factors that can impact an ecosystem
Interactions Among Species
Niche and Community Interactions and Population Growth
Chapter Eight: Understanding Populations
Interactions within Communities
Population Ecology How Do species interact?
Intro to Ecology What is Ecology?
Symbiotic Relationships Biology Mrs. Neistadt
Objectives Explain the difference between niche and habitat.
Factors Affecting Population Change
Population Ecology Ecology: study of the interactions of organisms with each other & with the physical environment Population: all organisms of same.
3. Population Growth.
Community Concept An assemblage of populations interacting with one another within the same environment Composition is a listing of various species in.
Populations and Interactions
2.6 Ecosystem Changes.
Factors Affecting Populations
Populations and Communities
Populations.
Environmental Science Chapter 8
Chapter 8 – Understanding Populations
Populations.
Population Ecology Part Two: Population Growth
4.2 – Niches and Community Interactions
Chapter 8 – Understanding Populations
Chapter 8 Understanding Populations
Interactions in Ecosystems
Unit 9 - Ecology.
Interactions Within Communities
If I want to be successful by the end of the unit I will be able to:
Understanding Populations
Ecology The study of the relationship of living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem. A healthy ecosystem: Biodiversity Population in check (right number.
Population and Community Dynamics
Populations: Growth and Limiting Factors
Ecosystem Interactions
7A Ecology Basics Subtitle.
Measuring and Modelling Population Change
Presentation transcript:

REVIEW Carrying capacity Population dynamics Fecundity Biotic potential Calculating Population change Open population Closed population Three general survivorship patterns 3 growth models

Date of next test - May 22nd – C-D, 23rd A-B

Pike Perch game answers 1.) Graph

2.) Since pike eat a lot of perch there needs to be many more perch than pike in order for the pike to survive. 3.) The pike population responds to the population of perch. This means that an increase in perch population will cause an increase in pike populations and vice versa.

4.) If there are no predators, the prey’s population would continue to increase until they run out of food or die from stress due to over-crowding or disease 5.) Predators are beneficial to prey because they can help control its population and prevent disease or over-crowding.

Read through population dynamics graphs and complete it.

Some key words used to describe population graphs S Curve (Sigmoid) / logistic growth Lag Phase Log phase Stationary phase/ Equilibrium Exponential growth Limiting factors Density dependent/independent Carrying capacity

Date of next test - May 22nd – C-D, 23rd A-B

REVIEW Carrying capacity Population dynamics Fecundity Biotic potential Calculating Population change Open population Closed population Three general survivorship patterns 3 growth models

Factors Affecting Population Change & Interactions Within Communities

Density-Dependent Factors Play a greater role in limiting population growth as the population increases in size Ex. competition, predation, disease

Intraspecific competition When the individuals of a population of the same species compete for the same resources Growth rate slows as the population increases Can reduce the number of offspring born

Density-Dependent Factors: Predation A predator catches, kills and consumes prey (of another species). Helps to regulate the number of prey

Density-Dependent Factors Disease In dense or overcrowded populations, pathogens are able to pass more easily from host to host

Density-Dependent Factors Allee Effect When the population density is so low that the species cannot reproduce. Mates are difficult to find since there are so few individuals Population usually does not survive; especially harmful to threatened species

Density-Dependent Factors Minimum viable population size The smallest number of individuals needed to ensure a population can continue for a given period of time Population can cope with variations in natality and mortality, as well as environmental changes or disasters Population maintains enough genetic variation amongst its members

Density-Independent Factors Play a role in limiting population growth regardless of population size Ex. extreme weather, human intervention Ex. Thrips (insect) have lower reproductive success at lower temperatures Insecticide application (can result in death directly or through biomagnification)

Density-Independent Factors Limiting Factor Any essential resource that is in short supply or unavailable Determines how much the individual or population can grow (affects the biotic potential) Ex. light, space, water, nutrients

Complete p.g. 9 and first part of 10.

Bring laptops next class. Test May 22nd/ 23rd

Review Density-Dependent Factors Allee Effect Intraspecific competition Predation Disease Allee Effect Minimum viable population size Density-Independent Factors Limiting Factor 1.)Play a greater role in limiting population growth as the population increases in size Ex. competition, predation, disease 2.) When the individuals of a population of the same species compete for the same resources 3.)A predator catches, kills and consumes prey (of another species). Helps to regulate the number of prey 4.)In dense or overcrowded populations, pathogens are able to pass more easily from host to host 5.) When the population density is so low that the species cannot reproduce. 6.) Play a role in limiting population growth regardless of population size Ex. extreme weather, human intervention 7.) The smallest number of individuals needed to ensure a population can continue for a given period of time 8.) Any essential resource that is in short supply or unavailable Determines how much the individual or population can grow (affects the biotic potential) Ex. light, space, water, nutrients

Using your textbook (P. g Using your textbook (P.g. 675-684) and classmates help, come up with definitions to the following words for your notes.

Interactions Within Communities Community Interspecific competition Ecological Niche Fundamental Niche Realized Niche Symbiosis Community Made up of all populations of different species within an ecosystem Interspecific competition When the individuals of different species compete for the same resources Restricts population growth A driving force for populations of species to evolve adaptations to continue to use resources Ecological Niche (organism’s “occupation”) An organism’s biological characteristics, including the use of, and interaction with abiotic and biotic resources in its environment Fundamental Niche An organism’s biological characteristics and the set of resources individuals in the population are theoretically capable of using under ideal conditions Ex. If resources were abundant and no competition existed Realized Niche An organism’s biological characteristics and the set of resources individuals in the population actually use under existing environmental conditions Symbiosis Two species maintain a close, usually physical association At least one of the species benefits Includes mutualism, commensalism and parasitism

Interspecific competition Community Made up of all populations of different species within an ecosystem Interspecific competition When the individuals of different species compete for the same resources Restricts population growth A driving force for populations of species to evolve adaptations to continue to use resources

Ecological Niche (organism’s “occupation”) An organism’s biological characteristics, including the use of, and interaction with abiotic and biotic resources in its environment Fundamental Niche An organism’s biological characteristics and the set of resources individuals in the population are theoretically capable of using under ideal conditions Ex. If resources were abundant and no competition existed Realized Niche An organism’s biological characteristics and the set of resources individuals in the population actually use under existing environmental conditions

Symbiosis Two species maintain a close, usually physical association At least one of the species benefits Includes mutualism, commensalism and parasitism

Interactions Within Communities Types of Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism (+/+) Both organisms benefit Neither organism is harmed Obligatory mutualism: neither species can survive without the other Ex. bacteria in our intestinal tract (they get nutrients from the food we consume and produce vitamins that we need) Ex. pollination (insects and animals ingest pollen/nectar, and pollen stuck to bodies of insects and animals gets spread to other flowers)

Interactions Within Communities Commensalism (+/0) One organism benefits and the other organism is unaffected Ex. remora (small fish) attach themselves to sharks and feed on small pieces of the shark’s prey and get free transportation

Host is harmed but is usually not killed Parasitism (+/-) One organism (parasite) benefits at the expense of the other organism (host) Host is harmed but is usually not killed ~1/4 animal species is thought to be a parasite Ex. Plasmodium (malaria), tapeworms, fleas, lice Social parasite: manipulates the social behaviour of their hosts to complete their life cycle (ex. cowbirds use nests of smaller birds and these smaller bird newborns are usually killed)

Symbiosis worksheet

Interactions Within Communities Types of Interspecific Competition I. Interference competition: fighting over shared resources

II. Exploitative competition: consumption of shared resources

Interactions Within Communities Interspecific Competition Niche overlap means more competition. Competition declines because: Population size of the weaker competitor declines One species may adapt. Migration One species may change its behaviour so that it survives on different resources Individuals of one population may migrate to another habitat where resources are more plentiful

Interactions Within Communities Resource partitioning Avoidance of, or reduction in, competition for similar resources by individuals of different species occupying different non-overlapping ecological niches Ex. Anolis lizards Ex. plants Ex. Anolis lizards partition their tree habitats by occupying different perching sites Ex. plants differing in their root systems to allow them to acquire water and mineral ions from the same environment

Interactions Within Communities Predation interspecific interaction If other prey is available, it alters this cyclical relationship Population density of one species (predator) increases while the population density of the other species (prey) decreases

Interactions Within Communities Canadian lynx-snowshoe hare cycle (10 years)

Complete first ½ of p.g. 10, matching

Defense Mechanisms

Interactions Within Communities Defence Mechanisms Plants: morphological defences (thorns, hooks, spines, needles) and chemical defences (distasteful, toxic) Insects: some use chemicals produced by their food as protection from their predators (ex. monarch butterfly)

Interactions Within Communities Passive Defence Mechanisms Ex. Hiding Ex. Camouflage Ex. Visual warning to predators of chemical defences (poisons) Ex. Mimicry Batesian: a harmless species mimics a harmful species

Interactions Within Communities Active Defence Mechanisms Ex. Fleeing from predators Ex. Alarm calls More costly in terms of energy required

Interactions Within Communities Introduction of Exotic (non-indigenous) Species Can disrupt ecosystems’ dynamic equilibrium and displace indigenous species to such a degree that they impact on the biodiversity in that ecosystem Since non-indigenous species often have few predators in that area, they can reduce or eliminate indigenous species by outcompeting them for food and habitat, or by preying on them Ex. European rabbit in Australia (page 686) Ex. West Nile virus (from Uganda) is believed to have been introduced into North America accidently via an exotic frog species

Complete pages 10 – 11 in your population ecology package.