7-4: THE GROWTH OF CITIES 1865-1900

Learning Objectives WXT 1.0 Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and the United States, and explain their effects on workers’ lives and U.S. society. WXT 2.0 Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues. MIG 1.0 Explain the causes of migration to colonial North America, and later, the United States, and analyze immigration’s effects on U.S. society. MIG 2.0 Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life. NAT 4.0 Analyze relationships among different regional, social, ethnic, and racial groups, and explain how these groups’ experiences have related to U.S. national identity.

Key Concepts Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change. The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies.

A Nation of Immigrants Growth of Immigration Push factors—poverty, religious persecution, limited opportunities Pull factor—economic growth in U.S. Ellis Island, New York Angel Island, San Francisco

A Nation of Immigrants “Old Immigrants” “New Immigrants” Pre-1880: Western Europe “New Immigrants” Southern and Eastern Europe Asia Debates over assimilation and “Americanization” “Melting Pot” Adoption of English and American customs

A Nation of Immigrants Restricting Immigration Nativism Catholic, Jewish influence Different languages and cultures Job competition Linked to radicalism (unions) Chinese Exclusion Act Supported by working class

Urbanization Lure of the City Changes in the Nature of Cities 1870 urban population—40 million 1900 urban population—80 million Cities grew as manufacturing and transportation centers Changes in the Nature of Cities Streetcar cities Skyscrapers Growing Middle Class Ethnic Neighborhoods Slums

Urbanization Boss and Machine Politics Distant role of federal government— state and local governments more important Political Machines Corrupt organizations in local government Traded services and favors in exchange for votes Bribes and kickbacks to government officials Gained support by providing services to the poor and immigrants Tammany Hall, NY—Boss Tweed

Awakening Reform Social Critics Social Gospel Settlement Houses Veblen—“predatory wealth” of the “leisure class” Bellamy—disillusionment with problems of industrialization Social Gospel Christian duty to confront social problems Settlement Houses Provided services to urban poor (day care, English classes, etc.) Hull House—Jane Addams

Awakening Reform Families in Urban Society Rights for Women Poverty and despair Jacob Riis—How the Other Half Lives Rights for Women Majority of women did not work “Pink collar” jobs Feminism increased in urban areas Urban reforms Sewer systems, transportation, sanitation