Chapter One From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations World Civilizations: The Global Experience Stearns, Adas, Schwartz, Gilbert Maps slide 4-11 taken from http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/ext/duiker_maps/

Hunters and Gatherers This image is copyright protected. The copyright owner reserves all rights.

Hunters and Gatherers Homo sapiens sapiens developed about 240,000 years ago. Hunted and gathered food Small hunting groups Population growth small Began to spread over the continent Developed speech and culture 12,000 years ago – stone tools, domestication of animals

The Neolithic Revolution Development of Agriculture Advantages Steady food supply Greater populations Organized societies Disadvantages Crop failures could lead to starvation Diseases from close contact with animals Hard to move

Spread of Agriculture

Question Where are three places that agriculture started?

Resistance Many tribes used both hunting/gathering and agriculture. Some resisted completely (Northern Japan) Others were unable to cultivate (Central Asia – leads to tough nomadic invaders) Others used slash and burn agriculture – farm intensively for several years and then move on.

Civilization Characteristics of civilization Division of labor Social hierarchy Political organizations Large cities Writing

Early Civilizations Mesopotamia (Between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) Egypt (Nile River) India (Indus River) China (Huanghe River) Central America

A/B Find a partner. Someone is A and someone is B. Partner A: List as many of the early civilizations to partner B as possible. Partner B: Listen and if partner A misses one – help them out.

Tigris-Euphrates Civilization First Civilization - Mesopotamia 4000bce – bronze, copper, wheel, pottery, art 3500bce – Sumerians develop cuneiform alphabet, astronomy Religion Cities have patron Gods Professional priests Polytheistic (many Gods)

Tigris-Euphrates Civilization Politics Organized into city-states Ruled by a king – divine right Slavery Geography Hard to defend Invaded and conquered by the Akkadians Akkadians invaded and conquered by the Babylonians

Babylon About 55 miles south of Baghdad Regarded as one of the first civilizations King Hammurabi Hammurabi’s Code

Egyptian Civilization Formed by 3000bce Less open to invasion Pharaoh has immense power God like status Built pyramids as tombs Kingdom of Kush invaded Developed idea of a day divided into 24 hours

Indian River Valley Civilization Civilization emerged around the Indus River by 2500bce. Two major cities Harappa and Mohenjo Daro Invasions by Indo-Europeans and natural disasters make studying ancient India near impossible Some trade with Mesopotamia

Chinese River Valley Civilization Developed in isolation along the Huanghe (Yellow River) Some trade with India and the Middle East Developed writing, astronomy Shang Dynasty developed by 1500bce