Cognitive processes Jakub Jura Jakub.jura@fs.cvut.cz Engineering Psychology Cognitive processes perception – sensation – attention – thinking – imagination – memory – creativity – problem solving http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception http://www.cns.nyu.edu/~msl/courses/0044/handouts/Weber.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber%E2%80%93Fechner_law http://www.wikiskripta.eu/index.php/Weber-Fechner%C5%AFv_z%C3%A1kon http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychophysics#Experimentation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestalt_psychology#Uses_in_human.E2.80.93computer_interaction http://www.sapdesignguild.org/resources/optical_illusions/gestalt_laws.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory http://www.akademik.unsri.ac.id/download/journal/files/scipub/jcs_si_106-111.pdf Jakub Jura Jakub.jura@fs.cvut.cz http://users.fs.cvut.cz/~jura/ing-psych/

What is Cognitive? From latin cognoscere = getting to know Distinguish emotional and rational Descarte’s „Cogito ergo sum“. Mental processes mediate between stimulus and response.

Cognitive processes Base Cognitive processes: Perception Sensation Attention Thinking Imagination Memory Learning Advanced Cognitive processes Creativity Problem solving

Sensation Sensation is about sense organ and basic processes on this level. Perception is about creating whole percept.

Sensation Perception Percept Sence Organ Visual Perception Image Eye Auditive Perception Sound Ear Gustatory Perception Taste Taste Buds Olfactory Perception Smell Nose Haptic Perception Touch on skin Nociceptors Proprioception Body position Proprioceptor Human Feromon Affection / antipathy Vomero-Nasal Organ Magnetoception Impression of north Unknown

Lateral Inhibition Efect Sensation Delusions Lateral Inhibition Efect Mach’s Strips http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sItlLNhhiLg

Negative afterimage

Perception Perception is perception of diference. Sensuals limits Weber–Fechner law Gestalt law Multistable figures Invariance in perception

Weber–Fechner Law Psychophysics Ernest Heinrich Weber (1795–1878) Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801–1887) Stimulus  Percept Stimulus  Sensation  Percept

Experiment 1 Dependence of sense impression on the intensity of stimulus Sound Light Procedure: Set intensity to basic level (L) Increase intensity up to one degree (L+1) Remember this degree and set intensity up to L+2, L+3, … L+n Impresion Sensum

Weber–Fechner Law dP = k * dS/S, P = k * ln (S/S0) P = k * (S/S) P … percept k … constant S … stimulus S0 … lower possible stimulus

Perception Delusionss Which of these circles is bigger?

Perception Delusionss Effect of Contrast Lighter Darker

Perception Delusionss

Is anything here?

Gestalt Laws Proximity Similarity Closure We tend to group nearby objects. Similarity We tend to group objects with similar properties Closure We are so accustomed to seeing closure that we sometimes close things that aren't. http://www.sapdesignguild.org/resources/optical_illusions/gestalt_laws.html#sim

Gestalt Laws Good Continuation Pregnantz We tend to assign objects to an entity that is defined by smooth lines or curves Pregnantz We tend to good shape

Experiment 2

Multistable perception Mind separate figure and backgroun. Unstably between two or more alternative interpretations. Since you see both, you can’t see both. Changing may be under control only partially.

Invariance in perception Objects are recognized independent of rotation, translation, scale, elastic deformations, different lighting, and different component features.

Neisser's cycle of perception Cognitive Ecology Actual world Object available information Samples Modify http://www.akademik.unsri.ac.id/download/journal/files/scipub/jcs_si_106-111.pdf Schema of environment Exploration Locomotion and action Cognitive map Directs

Memory Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory George Sperling (200 – 500 ms) Short-term memory George Miller 7±2 chunks Chunking process (recoding) Long-term memory Hippocampus Memory processes: Imprint Retent Remember Recognise

Ebbinghaus experiments 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Co Se Zu Ny Pa Dy Ro Ke Ty Wa Next Co Se Zu Ny Pa Dy Ro Ke Ty Wa Next Co Se Zu Ny Pa Dy Ro Ke Ty Wa Next Co Se Zu Ny Pa Dy Ro Ke Ty Wa Next Co Se Zu Ny Pa Dy Ro Ke Ty Wa Next Co Se Zu Ny Pa Dy Ro Ke Ty Wa Next Co Se Zu Ny Pa Dy Ro Ke Ty Wa Next Co Se Zu Ny Pa Dy Ro Ke Ty Wa Next

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve R = e-t/s R … memory retention s … relative strenght of memory t … time 45 % 35 %

Serial-positioning effect Which of the syllable you remember easily? Initialy Final Out of serial-positioning effect: Meaningfull Related to myself Connected to my activity

Redraw this figure maximaly precisely Memory test How big is capacity of you visual memory? Redraw this figure maximaly precisely

Imaging Constructive and Reconstructive processes and eyes movement. Imagine yellow elephant with red dots. Imagine what did you eat last evening.

Experiment 3 - Mental rotation F Experiment 3 - Mental rotation How many times you need to read rotated sign. Angle ° Time 1 s Time 2 R Q A L B M T

Completing square test 11 18

Imaging Mental operation with images

Imaging

Attention Orientation reflex Orientation activities Bourdon test d2 test

Thinking J. P. Guilford: Convergent production - generation of logical conclusions from given information, where emphasis is upon achieving unique or conventionally best outcomes. It is likely that given (cue) information fully determines the outcome as in mathematics and logic. Divergent production - generation of logical alternatives from given information, where emphasis is upon variety, quantity, and relevance of output from the same source.

Intelligence scale

Problem Solving http://www.studygs.net/problem/index.htm

Interconect all of this 9 point by the 4 segments of a line non-stop.

Creativity Preparation Incubation Insight Evaluation Elaboration

E. Rossi – creative phase

Metacognition Thinking about thinking (exactly cognition about cognition) First-level metacognition Second-level metacognition