TINGKAHLAKU KEPEMIMPINAN

BASIC LEADERSHIP MODELS

Two basic model of leadership: Traits Behavior Traits model of leadership Based on observed characteristics of many leaders – both successful and unsuccessful – to predict leadership effectiveness. Successful leaders have interest and abilities that are different from those of less effective leaders.

Key traits: Intelligence = more intelligence than subordinate Maturity and breadth = tend to be more emotionally mature and have a broad range of interest.

Inner motivation and achievement drive = are result oriented When they achieve one goal, they seek another They do not depend on employees for their motivation to achieve goal Honesty = have integrity AND trustworthy.

Limitation is inadequate because: There is no consistence patterns between specific traits or sets of traits and leadership effectiveness. Always relate physical characteristic such as height, weight and health to effective leadership. Leadership itself is complex.

BEHAVIORAL MODEL OF LEADERSHIP

Focus on what leaders actually do and how they do it. Effective leaders help individuals and teams to achieve their goal in 2 way: First: they build task-centered relations and focus on the quality and quantity of work accomplished. Second: they are considerate and supportive of employees; attempts to achieve personal goals.

Example: work satisfaction ,promotions recognition and Work hard to settle disputes keeping people happy, provide encouragement and giving positive reinforcement

OHIO STATE THEORY Consideration - leader concerned with subordinates feelings and respects subordinate and relationship is characterized by mutual, trust, respect, 2-way communication. Initiating structure - the leader clearly defined the leader subordinates roles so that subordinates know what is expected of them. The leaders establish channels of communication and determines the methods for accomplishing the group’s task.” (e.g.p. 16)

MICHIGAN STUDIES Job centered – leader pays close attention to the work of subordinates, explains work procedures & is interested in performance – main concern is efficient completion of task. Employee centered - leader attempts to build effective work groups with high performance goals. Leaders main concern is with high performance, but that was to be accomplished by paying attention to the human aspects of the group. opposite ends job centered employee centered

LEADERSHIP GRID A framework for portraying types of leadership behavior and their various potential combination. 2 dimension: concern production and concern for people

Concern for production 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (9,9) (1,9) Concern for people (5,5) (1,1) (9,1) Concern for production

(1,1) – low people, low production (9,1) – high production, low people (1,9) – high people, low production (5,5) – balance (50% of both) (9,9) – most effective leadership note : (9 represents high concern) ( 1 represents low concern)

TANNENBAUM SCHMIDT LEADERSHIP GRID TELLING SELLING CONSULTING JOINING

Tells Sells Consults Joins Concept: Leader centered: Involvement of subordinates not necessary. Language: This is where we will go and this is how we will get there. Involve subordinates to insure understanding. This is where we will go and how we will get there. Are there any question? Team centered: Involve subordinates in discussion of how to implement leader’s goal. This is where we will go. Let’s talk about the best way to get there. Involve subordinates in setting goals and appraising progress. Let’s discuss our unit goals, the best way to get there and how we will evaluate progress. LEADERSHIP STYLE (Use of Authority by Leader) GROUP PARTICIPATION (Areas of Freedom of the Group) Gives group Freedom to define problem and decide. Present problem; ask for ideas; decides. Announces decision permits questions. Presents problems and boundaries; group decides. Action: Leader decides; Announces decision. Present tentative decision; consults group and decides. “sells” decisions to group LEADER CENTERED TEAM CENTERED

Educational leadership theory Prof. Dr. Zaidatol Akmaliah Lope Pihie September 2014

Bass’ Theory

Leithwood’s Theory

Griffith’s Theory

Leithwood’s Theory

MC Ewan’s Theory

Blase’s Theory

Hallinger’s Theory