Dysregulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells and TH2 cells impairs pollutant-induced allergic airway responses Katrien C. De Grove, MSc, Sharen Provoost,

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Dysregulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells and TH2 cells impairs pollutant-induced allergic airway responses Katrien C. De Grove, MSc, Sharen Provoost,

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Presentation transcript:

Dysregulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells and TH2 cells impairs pollutant-induced allergic airway responses Katrien C. De Grove, MSc, Sharen Provoost, PhD, Rudi W. Hendriks, PhD, Andrew N.J. McKenzie, PhD, Leen J.M. Seys, DVM, Smitha Kumar, DVM, Tania Maes, PhD, Guy G. Brusselle, MD, PhD, Guy F. Joos, MD, PhD Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Volume 139, Issue 1, Pages 246-257.e4 (January 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.044 Copyright © 2016 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Terms and Conditions

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2017 139, 246-257 Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2017 139, 246-257.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.044) Copyright © 2016 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Exposure to DEPs enhances HDM-induced airway inflammation. WT mice were exposed to saline (white bars), 25 μg of DEPs (striped bars), 1 μg of HDM (checked bars), or DEP+HDM (black bars) on days 1, 8, and 15. A, Schematic overview of our model of DEP-enhanced HDM-induced airway inflammation. IN, Intranasal. B and C, IL-25 (Fig 1, B) and IL-33 (Fig 1, C) protein levels in lungs were determined by using ELISA. D-I, DCs (CD11chigh, low autofluorescent, and MHCII+; Fig 1, D), neutrophils (Fig 1, E), ILC2s (Lin− [CD3−, CD5−, NK1.1−, TCRβ−, CD11c−, CD11b−, and CD45R−] CD25+CD90+; Fig 1, F), CD4+ T cells (CD3+CD4+CD8−; Fig 1, G), CD8+ T cells (CD3+CD8+CD4−; Fig 1, H), and eosinophils (Fig 1, I) in BALF were determined by using flow cytometry, except neutrophils and eosinophils, which were determined on cytospin preparations. J and K, Representative photomicrographs and quantification of peribronchovascular eosinophils (Fig 1, J) and periodic acid–Schiff–stained lung specimens (Fig 1, K). Results are expressed as means ± SEMs (n = 7-8 mice per group). *P < .05. Data are representative of 3 independent experiments. Representative flow cytometric density plots and gating strategy are shown in Fig E1. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2017 139, 246-257.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.044) Copyright © 2016 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Combined exposure to DEP+HDM increases type 2 cytokine production and HDM-specific IgG1 levels and induces AHR. WT mice were exposed to saline (white bars), 25 μg of DEPs (striped bars), 1 μg of HDM (checked bars), or DEP+HDM (black bars) on days 1, 8, and 15. A and B, IL-5 (Fig 2, A) and IL-13 (Fig 2, B) protein levels in BALF were determined by using ELISA. C-E, IL-4 (Fig 2, C), IL-5 (Fig 2, D), and IL-13 (Fig 2, E) protein levels in the supernatants of HDM-restimulated MLNs were determined by using ELISA. F, HDM-specific IgG1 titers in serum were determined by using ELISA. G, Airway resistance (R) of mice exposed to saline (black line), DEPs (blue line), HDM (green line), and DEP+HDM (red line) was measured in response to increasing doses of carbachol. Results are expressed as means ± SEMs (n = 7-8 mice per group). *P < .05. Data are representative of 2 independent experiments. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2017 139, 246-257.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.044) Copyright © 2016 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Reduced Gata-3 expression impairs airway eosinophilia and mucus metaplasia on combined DEP+HDM exposure. WT and Gata-3+/nlslacZ mice were exposed to saline (white bars), 25 μg of DEPs (striped bars), 1 μg of HDM (checked bars), or DEP+HDM (black bars). A-F, DCs (CD11chigh, low autofluorescent, and MHCII+; Fig 3, A), neutrophils (Fig 3, B), ILC2s (Lin− [CD3−, CD5−, NK1.1−, TCRβ−, CD11c−, CD11b−, and CD45R−] CD25+CD90+; Fig 3, C), CD4+ T cells (CD3+CD4+CD8−; Fig 3, D), CD8+ T cells (CD3+CD8+CD4−; Fig 3, E), and eosinophils (Fig 3, F) in BALF were determined by using flow cytometry, except neutrophils and eosinophils, which were determined on cytospin preparations. G and H, Representative photomicrographs and quantification of Congo Red–stained lungs (Fig 3, G) or periodic acid–Schiff–stained mucus-producing goblet cells (Fig 3, H) of DEP+HDM-exposed WT and Gata-3+/nlslacZ mice. I, HDM-specific IgG1 levels in serum were determined by using ELISA. J, Airway resistance (R) in WT (full line) and Gata-3+/nlslacZ (broken line) mice was measured in response to increasing doses of carbachol. Results are expressed as means ± SEMs (n = 7-9 mice per group). *P < .05. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2017 139, 246-257.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.044) Copyright © 2016 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 Reduced Gata-3 expression decreases cytokine production by ILC2s and CD4+ T cells on combined DEP+HDM exposure. WT and Gata-3+/nlslacZ mice were exposed to saline (white bars), 25 μg of DEPs (striped bars), 1 μg of HDM (checked bars), or DEP+HDM (black bars). A, IL-13 protein levels in BALF were determined by using ELISA. B-G, BALF or lung cells were stimulated for 4 hours with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin, intracellularly labeled for cytokine production, and analyzed by using flow cytometry. Percentage of IL-13–expressing ILC2s (Lin− [CD3−, CD5−, NK1.1−, TCRβ−, CD11c−, CD11b−, and CD45R−] CD25+CD90+; Fig 4, B) or CD4+ T cells (CD3+CD4+; Fig 4, C) in BALF; proportion of IL-5–producing (Fig 4, D) and IL-13–producing (Fig 4, E) ILC2s (Lin− [CD3−, CD5−, NK1.1−, TCRβ−, CD11c−, CD11b−, and CD45R−] CD25+CD90+) in total lung tissue; and percentage of IL-5+ (Fig 4, F) and IL-13+ (Fig 4, G) T cells (CD3+CD4+) of total lungs are shown. Results are expressed as means ± SEMs (n = 7-8 mice per group). *P < .05. Representative flow cytometric histograms and density plots are shown in Figs E1 (BALF) and E2 (lung). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2017 139, 246-257.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.044) Copyright © 2016 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig 5 ILC2s marginally contribute to DEP-enhanced allergic airway inflammation. RORαfl/flIL7RCre mice and RORαfl/flIL7R+/+ WT control mice were exposed to 1 μg of HDM (checked bars) or DEP+HDM (black bars). A-F, ILC2s (Lin− [CD3−, CD5−, NK1.1−, TCRβ−, CD11c−, CD11b−, and CD45R−] CD25+CD90+; Fig 5, A), DCs (CD11chigh, low autofluorescent, and MHCII+; Fig 5, B), neutrophils (Fig 5, C), CD4+ T cells (CD3+CD4+CD8−; Fig 5, D), CD8+ T cells (CD3+CD8+CD4−; Fig 5, E), and eosinophils (Fig 5, F) in BALF were determined by using flow cytometry, except neutrophils and eosinophils, which were determined on cytospin preparations. G and H, Representative photomicrographs and quantification of Congo Red–stained lungs (Fig 5, G) or periodic acid–Schiff–stained mucus-producing goblet cells (Fig 5, H). I-K, BALF IL-13 protein levels (Fig 5, I), IL-13 levels in the supernatants of HDM-restimulated MLNs (Fig 5, J), and HDM-specific IgG1 levels in serum (Fig 5, K) were determined by using ELISA. Results are expressed as means ± SEMs (n = 8 mice per group). *P < .05. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2017 139, 246-257.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.044) Copyright © 2016 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig 6 The adaptive immune system has a crucial role in DEP-enhanced allergic airway inflammation. WT and Rag2−/− mice were exposed to saline (white bars), 25 μg of DEPs (striped bars), 1 μg of HDM (checked bars), or DEP+HDM (black bars). A-E, Percentage of CD4+ T cells (CD3+CD4+CD8−CD69+) of total lung (Fig 6, A), percentage of lung ILC2s (Lin− [CD3−, CD5−, NK1.1−, TCRβ−, CD11c−, CD11b−, and CD45R−] CD25+CD127+; Fig 6, B), number of BALF DCs (CD11chigh, low autofluorescent, and MHCII+; Fig 6, C), number of BALF neutrophils (Fig 6, D), and number of BALF eosinophils (Fig 6, E) were determined by using flow cytometry, except neutrophils and eosinophils, which were determined on cytospin preparations. F and G, Representative photomicrographs and quantification of Congo Red–stained lungs (Fig 6, F) or periodic acid–Schiff–stained mucus-producing goblet cells (Fig 6, G) of DEP+HDM-exposed WT and Rag2−/− mice. H and I, BALF IL-13 protein levels (Fig 6, H) and IL-13 levels in the supernatants of HDM-restimulated MLNs (Fig 6, I) were determined by using ELISA. J, Airway resistance (R) in WT (full line) and Rag2−/− (broken line) mice was measured in response to increasing doses of carbachol. Results are expressed as means ± SEMs (n = 7-8 mice per group). *P < .05. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2017 139, 246-257.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.044) Copyright © 2016 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig E1 Representative density plots and gating strategy of all analyzed cell populations in BALF. WT mice were exposed to 25 μg of DEPs plus 1 μg of HDM. A, DCs were gated as CD11chigh, low autofluorescent, and MHCII+. B, CD4+ T cells were CD3+, CD4+, and CD8−. CD8+ T cells were characterized as CD3+, CD4−, and CD8+. Intracellular IL-13 production of CD4+ T cells was investigated. C, ILC2s were identified as Lin− (CD3−, CD5−, NK1.1−, TCRβ−, CD11c−, CD11b−, and CD45R−), CD25+, and CD90+ cells. Intracellular IL-13 production of ILC2s was investigated. FSC, Forward scatter; SSC, side scatter. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2017 139, 246-257.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.044) Copyright © 2016 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig E2 Representative density plots and gating strategy of all analyzed cell populations in lung tissue. WT mice were exposed to 25 μg of DEPs plus 1 μg of HDM. A, Pulmonary CD11b+ DCs were identified as CD11c+, MHCII+, and CD11b+. Eosinophils were gated as CD11c−, CD11b+, and Siglec-F+. Neutrophils were CD11c−, CD11b+, Ly6G+, and Ly6C+. B, CD4+ T cells were gated as CD3+, CD4+, CD8−, and CD69+. CD8+ T cells were characterized as CD3+, CD4−, CD8+, and CD69+. Intracellular IL-5 and IL-13 production of CD4+ T cells was investigated. C, ILC2s were identified as Lin− (CD3−, CD5−, NK1.1−, TCRβ−, CD11c−, CD11b−, and CD45R−), CD25+, and CD90+. Intracellular IL-5 and IL-13 production of ILC2s was investigated. FSC, Forward scatter; SSC, side scatter. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2017 139, 246-257.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.044) Copyright © 2016 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig E3 Titration of the HDM dose for the combined DEP+HDM model. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to decreasing doses of only HDM (ie, 12.5 μg, 2.5 μg, 1 μg, 250 ng, and 25 ng of HDM) or the combination 25 μg of DEPs plus decreasing doses of HDM on days 1, 8, and 15. On day 17, BALF eosinophils were determined on cytospin preparations. Data presented on the different graphs represent separate experiments. The red box represents the selected dose for the experiments in the article. Results are expressed as means ± SEMs (n = 8 mice per group). *P < .05. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2017 139, 246-257.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.044) Copyright © 2016 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig E4 Adjuvant effect of DEPs on HDM-induced airway inflammation in the lung. WT mice were exposed to saline (white bars), 25 μg of DEPs (striped bars), 1 μg of HDM (checked bars), or DEP+HDM (black bars) on days 1, 8, and 15. A-F, DCs (CD11c+MHCII+CD11b+; Fig E4, A), neutrophils (CD11c−CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6C+; Fig E4, B), eosinophils (CD11c−CD11b+Siglec-F+; Fig E4, C), ILC2s (Lin− [CD3−, CD5−, NK1.1−, TCRβ−, CD11c−, CD11b−, and CD45R−] CD25+CD90+; Fig E4, D), CD4+ T cells (CD3+CD4+CD8−CD69+; Fig E4, E), and CD8+ T cells (CD3+CD8+CD4−CD69+; Fig E4, F) in lung tissue were determined by using flow cytometry. Results are expressed as the mean percentages of total lung ± SEM (n = 7-8 mice per group). *P < .05. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2017 139, 246-257.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.044) Copyright © 2016 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Terms and Conditions