Expanded version of the early part of a subject's volume–time spirogram, illustrating back-extrapolation through the steepest part of the curve, where flow is peak expiratory flow (PEF), to determine the new time zero. Expanded version of the early part of a subject's volume–time spirogram, illustrating back-extrapolation through the steepest part of the curve, where flow is peak expiratory flow (PEF), to determine the new time zero. Forced vital capacity (FVC): 4.291 L; back extrapolated volume (EV): 0.123 L (2.9% FVC). -----: back extrapolation line through PEF. Reproduced from [1] with permission from the publisher. V.C. Moore breathe 2012;8:232-240 ©2012 by European Respiratory Society