Mitochondrial DNA damage is involved in apoptosis caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines in human OA chondrocytes J. Kim, M. Xu, R. Xo, A. Mates, G.L.

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Mitochondrial DNA damage is involved in apoptosis caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines in human OA chondrocytes J. Kim, M. Xu, R. Xo, A. Mates, G.L. Wilson, A.W. Pearsall, V. Grishko Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 18, Issue 3, Pages 424-432 (March 2010) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.09.008 Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Southern blot analysis of mtDNA damage induced following exposure to 50, 20, and 10ng/ml of Il-1β (A) or 100 and 50ng/ml of TNF-α (D) for 48h in normal (N) and OA chondrocytes; the amount of DNA breaks per mitochondrial genome accumulated following exposure to various doses of IL-1β (B) or TNF-α (E) in normal and OA chondrocytes; quantitation of apoptosis in normal and OA chondrocytes induced by the same concentrations of Il-1β (C) or TNF-α (F) after 48h according to flow cytometry analysis. OA C and N C represent non-treated controls. The results were obtained from a minimum of seven independent experiments, and the values represent the mean break frequency ±s.e.m. (B, E), and the mean percentage of apoptotic cells ±s.e.m. (C, F). *indicates a significant difference (P<0.05) between normal and OA chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 424-432DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.09.008) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 A – Southern blot analysis of mtDNA integrity in non-treated (C72, C96, C120) OA chondrocytes and OA chondrocytes exposed to 10ng/ml of Il-1β for 72, 96, and 120h (IL72, IL96, IL120); B – quantitation of mtDNA damage as the amount of DNA breaks per mitochondrial genome; C – quantification of apoptosis according to flow cytometry analysis induced in non-treated and 10ng/ml of IL-1β-treated OA chondrocytes. The results were obtained from a minimum of six independent experiments, the values represent the mean break frequency ±s.e.m. (B), and the mean percentage of apoptotic cells ±s.e.m. (C). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 424-432DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.09.008) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 A – Amelioration of the mtDNA damage induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines in OA chondrocytes with iNOS inhibitor AG. Cells were treated with 50ng/ml of Il-1β and 100ng/ml of TNF-α for 48h alone or in combination with 0.5mM of AG; B – quantitation of mtDNA damage as the amount of DNA breaks per mitochondrial genome; C – the effect of AG on nitrate levels following cytokine exposure; D – the effect of AG on the induction of apoptosis following pro-inflammatory cytokine exposure. The results were obtained from a minimum of five independent experiments, and the values represent the mean break frequency ±s.e.m. (B), the mean nitrate levels ±s.e.m. (C), and the mean percentage of apoptotic cells ±s.e.m. (D). * indicates a significant difference in mtDNA break frequency (P<0.05) between AG+cytokine treated and cytokine alone treated chondrocytes, in the nitrate levels between chondrocytes treated with cytokines alone or with cytokines and AG (P<0.05), and also in the percentage of apoptotic cells between chondrocytes treated with cytokines alone or with cytokines and AG (P<0.05). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 424-432DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.09.008) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines on ATP levels in normal (N) and OA chondrocytes following 48h of exposure. The results were obtained from a minimum of five independent experiments, and the values represent the mean ATP concentration ±s.e.m. * indicates a significant difference in ATP levels (P<0.05) between cytokine-treated and non-treated normal or OA chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 424-432DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.09.008) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Effect of hOGG1 transduction on OA chondrocyte mitochondrial function and apoptosis following pro-inflammatory cytokine exposure. Southern blot analysis of mtDNA damage following exposure for 48h to 50ng/ml of Il-1β (A) or 100ng/ml of TNF-α (B) in OA chondrocytes transfected with adenoviral vector without hOGG1 insert (ILv) and with hOGG1 containing vector (ILogg); C – quantitation of mtDNA damage as the amount of DNA breaks per mitochondrial genome; D – Northern blot analysis of mitochondrial transcripts following IL-1β treatment of chondrocytes transduced with empty or hOGG1 containing vectors; E – ATP levels in a same groups of transduced chondrocytes following both cytokines treatment. The results were obtained from a minimum of six independent experiments, and the values represent the mean break frequency ±s.e.m. (C), and the mean ATP±s.e.m. (E). * indicates a significant difference (P<0.05) between vector without hOGG1 and vector with hOGG1-transduced cells. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 424-432DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.09.008) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Mitochondrial superoxide production in OA chondrocytes transduced with empty vectors (V) and hOGG1 (ogg) containing vectors following exposure to 50ng/ml of IL-1β or 100ng/ml of TNF-α for 48h. Cells were exposed to cytokines, loaded with MitoTracker green and MitoSOX Red, and viewed in fluorescent microscope. Additionally, cells were analyzed in fluorescent plate reader, and increase in ROS production was calculated as percentage increase compare to control. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 424-432DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.09.008) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Transduction of OA chondrocytes with hOGG1 containing vectors diminishes apoptosis induced following exposure to IL-1β and TNF-α. A – DAPI staining of OA chondrocytes transduced with empty and hOGG1 containing vectors and exposed to both cytokines for 48h; B – quantitation of the percentage of apoptotic cells according to flow cytometry analysis; C – Western blot analysis of caspase 9 cleavage in the same groups of cells. The results were obtained from a minimum of six independent experiments, and the values represent the mean percentage of apoptotic cells ±s.e.m. *indicates a significant difference in the number of apoptotic cells (P<0.05) between empty vector and hOGG1 containing vector cytokine-treated OA chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 424-432DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.09.008) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions