Comparative Revolutions American, French, Haitian, and Latin American

Key Questions of Unit How successful was the revolution in accomplishing its goals? Did the goals change as the revolution took its course? What were the philosophical roots of the revolution? What were the local and global consequences of the revolution?

Glorious Revolution- 1688 How did what happened in England influence the American and French revolutions?

American Revolution Influence of Locke and the Enlightenment Life, Liberty…&? If a government fails to protect a citizen’s natural rights, they have a right to what? Patrick Henry, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson—all firm believers in Enlightenment ideals

Enlightenment ideals and the Constitution What are their ideas? Locke Montesquieu Rousseau Voltaire Beccaria Found in the Constitution?

Bill of Rights Embraced Enlightenment ideals Examples? Documents influence in France French soldiers (Lafayette) brought back admiration “We talked of nothing but America.”

Liberator-Hero What does it mean to be a Liberator-Hero? Other Examples?

French Revolution Growing Discontent in France Inspiring success of USA Enlightenment ideals Economic Woes Weak Leadership Old Regime First, Second & Third Estates The Third Estate is the people and the people are the foundation of the state; it is in fact the State itself; the other orders are merely political categories while by the immutable laws of nature the People are everything. Everything should be subordinated to it…It is in the People that all national power resides and for the people that all states exist.—Comte D’Antraigues, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution

Third Estate Most affected by Enlightenment, why?

Declaration of Rights of Man (& Woman) Inspired by both Enlightenment and Declaration of Independence Influence on independence movements worldwide?

Liberator-Hero Marat—Liberator-Hero of French Revolution

Age of Napoleon Out of chaos of French Revolution comes Age of Napoleon Strong, central leader Connection to independence movements elsewhere?

Haitian Revolution-1790s Hispaniola (Haiti) is wealthy colonial holding of France Sweet Revolutions--small number of sugar plantation owners are extremely wealthy, huge slave population supports this Growing discontent between social classes French plantation (coffee & sugar) owners Mulattoes and Slaves demanding equal rights after examples of US and France

Haitian Revolution 1804--Hispaniola becomes 2nd independent nation in Western Hemisphere, renames itself Haiti First successful slave rebellion Legacy of poverty Forced to repay France for lost investments No infrastructure Today, poorest country in Western Hemisphere

Toussaint L’Overture Liberator-Hero Former slave leads revolt against French & Spanish

Latin American Revolutions Latin America social classes Role of Creoles in Revolutions Role of Napoleon Antonio Narino--early translator of Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, political prisoner for 10+ years in Colombia for this.

Liberadores Bolivar (L) & Jose de San Martin (R) Bolivar San Martin

Simon Bolivar Liberator-Hero Creole, educated and widely traveled in Europe What is he exposed to while there? 1808-1819--fights all over South America against the Spanish 1821-Gran Colombia Fails, resigns 1828, dies soon afterward

Mexico 1810-1821 War of Independence Led by Mexican born Spanish (criollos) and mestizos Hidalgo- creole priest who led army, executed 1811. Morelos signed first Declaration of Independence but was killed in 1815. Miguel Hidalgo (L) & Jose Morelos (R)

Mexico Iturbide, royalist criollo officer, proclaimed three principles, or "guarantees", for Mexico's independence from Spain: 1. independent monarchy governed by himself Criollos and peninsulares would henceforth enjoy equal rights and privileges Roman Catholic Church would retain its privileges and religious monopoly. Treaty of Cordoba recognized Mexican independence (no effect on land reform, class differences but did abolish slavery). Miguel Hidalgo (L) & Jose Morelos (R)

Brazil Portuguese colony operating on mercantalism (sugar, gold, diamonds, slaves) Tiradentes resistance movement 1789 (leader killed but became liberator hero!) Napoleon invasion of Portugal in 1807 Royal family moved to Brazil implementing reforms Napoleon’s loss in 1815 reversed things again. “Peaceful” revolution to protect business, not about rights? Dom Pedro (the son of Portugal’s king) declared independence. Slavery abolished 1888

Taiping Rebellion 1840s China Peasant revolt against Western influence and “corrupt” dynasty that allowed Western influence Failure Similarity to Haiti?

Legacy of French Revolution Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt and Muhammad Ali Chomin- Enlightenment in Japan Effect in Russia Repercussions on India and China Effect on Empire? Thoughts on Race?

Key Questions of Unit How successful was the revolution in accomplishing its goals? Did the goals change as the revolution took its course? What were the philosophical roots of the revolution? What were the local and global consequences of the revolution?