Accessory Sex Glands in the Male Chapter 18 Accessory Sex Glands in the Male © 2015, Elsevier, Inc., Plant and Zeleznik, Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction, Fourth Edition

FIGURE 18.1 Anterior and sagittal views of male accessory sex glands in situ. Source: From Netter FH. Atlas of human anatomy. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2011. Plate 364. © 2015, Elsevier, Inc., Plant and Zeleznik, Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction, Fourth Edition

FIGURE 18. 2 Posterior view of male accessory sex glands FIGURE 18.2 Posterior view of male accessory sex glands. Source: From Netter, FH. Atlas of human anatomy. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2011. Plate 364. © 2015, Elsevier, Inc., Plant and Zeleznik, Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction, Fourth Edition

FIGURE 18. 3 Zonal anatomy of the human prostate FIGURE 18.3 Zonal anatomy of the human prostate. The transition zone surrounds the urethra just proximal to the ejaculatory ducts. The central zone surrounds the ejaculatory ducts. The peripheral zone comprises the bulk of the posterior, lateral, and apical aspects of the prostate. The anterior fibromuscular stroma extends from the bladder neck to the external urethral sphincter. Source: From Ref. 17. © 2015, Elsevier, Inc., Plant and Zeleznik, Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction, Fourth Edition

FIGURE 18.4 Dorsal and ventral views of the rat prostate lobes and seminal vesicles. © 2015, Elsevier, Inc., Plant and Zeleznik, Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction, Fourth Edition

FIGURE 18. 5 Development of human male accessory sex glands FIGURE 18.5 Development of human male accessory sex glands. The prostate and bulbourethral glands originate from endodermal urogenital sinus (UG) tissue, whereas the seminal vesicle and vas deferens derive from mesodermal mesonephric ducts (MS). The ureter develops from the ureteric bud (UB). Source: From Park JM. Normal development of the genitourinary tract. In: Campbell-Walsh Urology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2011. p. 58. © 2015, Elsevier, Inc., Plant and Zeleznik, Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction, Fourth Edition

FIGURE 18. 6 Prostate stem cell hierarchical models FIGURE 18.6 Prostate stem cell hierarchical models. In the traditional linear hierarchy model (top), self-renewing prostate stem cells (SC) give rise to intermediate, transit-amplifying progenitor cells (PC). These cells have high proliferative capacity and enter differentiation pathways to give rise to terminally differentiated luminal epithelial cells (LC), basal cells (BC), and neuroendocrine cells (NC). In the bifurcated model (bottom), a common SC with self-renewal capacity undergoes asynchronous cell division to give rise to lineage-restricted basal progenitor cells (BP) and luminal progenitor cells (LP). These PCs possess transient self-renewal capacity and terminally differentiate into BC and LC. The lineage of NC is unclear, and may arise from the hierarchical intermediate BP and LP that produce BC and LC, or it may have a separate neuroendocrine progenitor (NP) origin. © 2015, Elsevier, Inc., Plant and Zeleznik, Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction, Fourth Edition

FIGURE 18.7 A schematic representation of regulatory networks between secreted morphogens and transcription factors in the epithelial and stromal cells at the distal signaling center of the developing rat prostate gland. Fgf10 (stromal) and FgfR2iiib (epithelial) upregulate epithelial expression of Shh and Bmp7, which are involved in branching morphogenesis, as well as Hoxb13 and Nkx3.1, which drive epithelial differentiation. Furthermore, epithelial Sox9 upregulates Shh and Nkx3.1 expression while FoxA1 stimulates Nkx3.1 and inhibits FoxA2 expression, which has reciprocal upregulation with Shh. In turn, secreted Shh upregulates Ptc-gli expression in adjacent mesenchymal cells, which downregulates Fgf10 expression, thus establishing a negative feedback loop for controlled growth. Shh and Ptc-gli also upregulate the growth-inhibitory Wnt5a and Bmp4 molecules in the mesenchyme, while Fgf10 downregulates their expression, which further serves to tightly control localized tissue growth. Stromal Tgfβ1 suppresses Fgf10 expression, which may serve as a brake for growth as development nears completion. Source: Adapted from Ref. 50. © 2015, Elsevier, Inc., Plant and Zeleznik, Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction, Fourth Edition

FIGURE 18.8 Age-adjusted American male cancer death rates (per 100,000, age adjusted to the 2000 US standard population) by site, US 1930–2008. Note: Due to changes in ICD coding, numerator information has changed over time. Rates for cancer of the liver, lung and bronchus, and colon and rectum are affected by these coding changes. Source: From American Cancer Society; US Mortality Volumes 1930 to 1959, US Mortality Data 1960 to 2008, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. © 2015, Elsevier, Inc., Plant and Zeleznik, Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction, Fourth Edition