Figure 2 Biologics that target CD4+ T helper (TH)-cell subsets

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Figure 2 Biologics that target CD4+ T helper (TH)-cell subsets Figure 2 | Biologics that target CD4+ T helper (TH)-cell subsets. TH-cell subsets differentiate from activated CD4+ T cells (TH0) via a signalling pathway that is determined by cytokines produced from surrounding leukocytes (such as IL-12, IL-23, and IL-4). Differentiation of TH1-cell subsets can be inhibited by neutralizing IFNγ with AMG 811 or inhibiting the IL-12/IL-23 p40 subunit with ustekinumab. Ustekinumab, sirukumab, and tocilizumab also inhibit differentiation of TH17 cells. Terminally differentiated TH-cell subsets (TH1, TH17, and TH2 cells) synthesize distinct effector cytokines, many of which can be neutralized by biologics (highlighted in purple). Holdsworth, S. R. et al. (2016) Biologics for the treatment of autoimmune renal diseases Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2016.18