EÐL605G / Líf í alheimi Stjörnufræði/eðlisfræði – efnafræði – lífvísindi – jarðvísindi/plánetufræði Atóm – efnatengi Efnatengi kolefnis Atóm og sameindir í geimnum; Upplýsingaöflun skv. litrófsmælingum(?) Sameindir í alheimi; Tilvist og tilurð(?) Samspil “ljóss” og sameinda; ljósefnafræði, ljósjónun, ljósrofnun Varmaefnafræði Lífefnafræði

? : n = 1 n = 2 n = 3 E s Orka sameinda(svigrúma) líka skömmtuð : E : 2x n = 3 n = 2 2x ? n = 1 2x

- + - + - - Netto kraftur = F = F+ + F- Aðdráttar- Kraftar, F- fráhrindi- kraftur, F+ ATH

- r F: F: F: F: . F = - dU dr U r - *

- + - + - - Netto kraftur = F = F+ + F- Aðdráttar- Kraftar, F- fráhrindi- kraftur, F+ U r Þ.e. orkan háð fjarlægð milli atóma mættisferill

E E : : A(n=3) A(n=3) + B n = 3 n = 3 A(n=2) A(n=2) + B n = 2 n = 2 A(n=1) A(n=1) + B n = 1 n = 1 A A - B rAB

Y A - B A(n) + B rAB A - B rAB A(n) + B v = 0 v = 1 v = 2 v = 3 E(v)

A - B A B A(n) + B Evib vex með v Ekin = Evib E(v) =Etotal Upot Ekin max = Evib E(v) =Etotal Upot Ekin rAB

A - B A B A(n) + B Evib vex með v E(v) =Etotal Evib » C(v+1/2) rAB

J=0 J=1 J=2 J=3 J=4 J=5 E(J) E(J) vex með J E(J) = BJ(J+1)

A A-B E(n) n ¥ : : E(v) E(J) n=3 : n=2 E(n) : n=1 E(n)

A A-B E(n) n ¥ : E(v) E(J) n=3 n=2 E(n) n=1 E(n)

A A-B E(n) n ¥ : E(v) E(J) n=3 n=2 E(n) n=1 E(n)

Gamma röntgen Útfjólubl. Sýni- legt innrautt Útvarps- bylgjur örbylgjur

A A-B E(n) n ¥ : : E(v) E(J) n=3 : n=2 E(n) : n=1 E(n)

...eða útgeislun:

A A-B E(n) n ¥ : E(v) E(J) n=3 n=2 E(n) n=1 E(n)

http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/spectra.html Orion nebula H atóm

Bylgju- lengd Gler- strendingur

A=H A-B E(n) n ¥ : E(v) E(J) n=3 n=2 E(n) n=1 E(n)

A=H A-B E(n) n ¥ : E(v) E(J) n=3 n=2 E(n) n=1 E(n)

H2

Sbr. Gagnabankar: Sameindir: http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/form-ser.html.en-us.en http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/enid/41f558ea2dcc24a0ead3ab58afde0443,0/Spectra/Catalogue_Spectra_5p4.html Atóm: http://www.nist.gov/pml/data/asd.cfm http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/amdata/ampdata/kurucz23/sekur.html

A A-B E(n) n ¥ : E(v) E(J) n=3 n=2 E(n) n=1 E(n)

kolmonoxíð Örbylgjuróf/ snúningsróf metanol Glycine

Glycine EN:

or Circumstellar Shells Molecules in the Interstellar Medium or Circumstellar Shells http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules

or Circumstellar Shells : 2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms 6 atoms 7 atoms H2 C3* c-C3H C5* C5H C6H AlF C2H l-C3H C4H l-H2C4 CH2CHCN AlCl C2O C3N C4Si C2H4* CH3C2H C2** C2S C3O l-C3H2 CH3CN HC5N CH CH2 2005 C3S c-C3H2 CH3NC CH3CHO CH+ 2005 HCN C2H2* H2CCN CH3OH CH3NH2 CN HCO NH3 CH4* CH3SH c-C2H4O CO HCO+ HCCN HC3N HC3NH+ H2CCHOH CO+ HCS+ HCNH+ HC2NC HC2CHO C6H– 2006 CP HOC+ HNCO HCOOH NH2CHO SiC H2O HNCS H2CNH C5N HCl H2S HOCO+ H2C2O l-HC4H* (?) KCl HNC H2CO H2NCN l-HC4N NH HNO H2CN HNC3 c-H2C3O 2006 NO MgCN H2CS SiH4* H2CCNH (?) 2006 NS MgNC H3O+ H2COH+ OH N2O CH3* PN NaCN SO OCS SO+ SO2 SiN c-SiC2 SiO CO2* SiS NH2 CS H3+* HF H2D+, HD2+ SH* SiCN HD AlNC FeO (?) SiNC O2 (?) 2005 CF+ 2006 SiH (?) 8 atoms 9 atoms 10 atoms 11 atoms 12 atoms 13 atoms CH3C3N CH3C4H CH3C5N 2006 HC9N C6H6* (?) HC11N HCOOCH3 CH3CH2CN (CH3)2CO 2005 CH3C6H 2006 C2H5OCH3 (?) 2005 CH3COOH (CH3)2O (CH2OH)2 2005 C7H CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CHO H2C6 HC7N CH2OHCHO 2006 C8H l-HC6H* (?) CH3C(O)NH2 2006 CH2CHCHO (?) CH2CCHCN 2006 Molecules in the Interstellar Medium or Circumstellar Shells :

or Circumstellar Shells : 2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms 6 atoms 7 atoms H2 C3* c-C3H C5* C5H C6H AlF C2H l-C3H C4H l-H2C4 CH2CHCN AlCl C2O C3N C4Si C2H4* CH3C2H C2** C2S C3O l-C3H2 CH3CN HC5N CH CH2 2005 C3S c-C3H2 CH3NC CH3CHO CH+ 2005 HCN C2H2* H2CCN CH3OH CH3NH2 CN HCO NH3 CH4* CH3SH c-C2H4O CO HCO+ HCCN HC3N HC3NH+ H2CCHOH CO+ HCS+ HCNH+ HC2NC HC2CHO C6H– 2006 CP HOC+ HNCO HCOOH NH2CHO SiC H2O HNCS H2CNH C5N HCl H2S HOCO+ H2C2O l-HC4H* (?) KCl HNC H2CO H2NCN l-HC4N NH HNO H2CN HNC3 c-H2C3O 2006 NO MgCN H2CS SiH4* H2CCNH (?) 2006 NaCl N2H+ c-SiC3 OH N2O CH3* PN NaCN SO OCS SO+ SO2 SiN c-SiC2 SiO CO2* SiS NH2 CS H3+* HF H2D+, HD2+ SH* SiCN FeO (?) SiNC O2 (?) 2005 CF+ 2006 SiH (?) 8 atoms 9 atoms 10 atoms 11 atoms 12 atoms 13 atoms CH3C3N CH3C4H CH3C5N 2006 HC9N C6H6* (?) HC11N HCOOCH3 CH3CH2CN (CH3)2CO 2005 CH3C6H 2006 C2H5OCH3 (?) 2005 CH3COOH (CH3)2O (CH2OH)2 2005 C7H CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CHO H2C6 HC7N CH2OHCHO 2006 C8H l-HC6H* (?) CH3C(O)NH2 2006 CH2CHCHO (?) CH2CCHCN 2006 2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms 6 atoms 7 atoms H2 C3* c-C3H C5* C5H C6H AlF C2H l-C3H C4H l-H2C4 CH2CHCN AlCl C2O C3N C4Si C2H4* CH3C2H C2** C2S C3O l-C3H2 CH3CN HC5N CH CH2 2005 C3S c-C3H2 CH3NC CH3CHO CH+ 2005 HCN C2H2* H2CCN CH3OH CH3NH2 CN HCO NH3 CH4* CH3SH c-C2H4O CO HCO+ HCCN HC3N HC3NH+ H2CCHOH CO+ HCS+ HCNH+ HC2NC HC2CHO C6H– 2006 CP HOC+ HNCO HCOOH NH2CHO SiC H2O HNCS H2CNH C5N HCl H2S HOCO+ H2C2O l-HC4H* (?) KCl HNC H2CO H2NCN l-HC4N NH HNO H2CN HNC3 c-H2C3O 2006 NO MgCN H2CS SiH4* H2CCNH (?) 2006 NaCl N2H+ c-SiC3 OH N2O CH3* PN NaCN SO OCS SO+ SO2 SiN c-SiC2 SiO CO2* SiS NH2 CS H3+* HF H2D+, HD2+ SH* SiCN HD AlNC FeO (?) SiNC O2 (?) 2005 CF+ 2006 SiH (?) 8 atoms 9 atoms 10 atoms 11 atoms 12 atoms 13 atoms CH3C3N CH3C4H CH3C5N 2006 HC9N C6H6* (?) HC11N HCOOCH3 CH3CH2CN (CH3)2CO 2005 CH3C6H 2006 C2H5OCH3 (?) 2005 CH3COOH (CH3)2O (CH2OH)2 2005 C7H CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CHO H2C6 HC7N CH2OHCHO 2006 C8H l-HC6H* (?) CH3C(O)NH2 2006 CH2CHCHO (?) CH2CCHCN 2006 : Molecules in the Interstellar Medium or Circumstellar Shells :

or Circumstellar Shells 2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms 6 atoms 7 atoms H2 C3* c-C3H C5* C5H C6H AlF C2H l-C3H C4H l-H2C4 CH2CHCN AlCl C2O C3N C4Si C2H4* CH3C2H C2** C2S C3O l-C3H2 CH3CN HC5N CH CH2 2005 C3S c-C3H2 CH3NC CH3CHO CH+ 2005 HCN C2H2* H2CCN CH3OH CH3NH2 CN HCO NH3 CH4* CH3SH c-C2H4O CO HCO+ HCCN HC3N HC3NH+ H2CCHOH CO+ HCS+ HCNH+ HC2NC HC2CHO C6H– 2006 CP HOC+ HNCO HCOOH NH2CHO SiC H2O HNCS H2CNH C5N HCl H2S HOCO+ H2C2O l-HC4H* (?) KCl HNC H2CO H2NCN l-HC4N NH HNO H2CN HNC3 c-H2C3O 2006 NO MgCN H2CS SiH4* H2CCNH (?) 2006 NaCl N2H+ c-SiC3 OH N2O CH3* PN NaCN SO OCS SO+ SO2 SiN c-SiC2 SiO CO2* SiS NH2 CS H3+* HF H2D+, HD2+ SH* SiCN HD AlNC FeO (?) SiNC O2 (?) 2005 CF+ 2006 SiH (?) 8 atoms 9 atoms 10 atoms 11 atoms 12 atoms 13 atoms CH3C3N CH3C4H CH3C5N 2006 HC9N C6H6* (?) HC11N HCOOCH3 CH3CH2CN (CH3)2CO 2005 CH3C6H 2006 C2H5OCH3 (?) 2005 CH3COOH (CH3)2O (CH2OH)2 2005 C7H CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CHO H2C6 HC7N CH2OHCHO 2006 C8H l-HC6H* (?) CH3C(O)NH2 2006 CH2CHCHO (?) CH2CCHCN 2006 : Molecules in the Interstellar Medium or Circumstellar Shells

http://www. nature. com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10542 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10542.html:

Myndast í grennd við ungar stjörnur (?)

»75% »25% <1% Vetni(H) Helíum(He) Annað(C,O,N,Si..)

- +

+ - + nAB nhn E nAB = nhn

+ -

+ + - nAB nhn E nAB = nhn

H – skynjun?: - H óskautað => engin gleypni vegna snúnings- eða titrings-tilfærslna - Gleypni á fjær útfjólubláa litrófssviðinu / truflað af andrúmslofti Jörð

H – skynjun?: - H óskautað => engin gleypni vegna snúning eða titringstilfærslna - Gleypni á fjær útfjólubláa litrófssviðinu / truflað af andrúmslofti Jörð

l = 21 cm n = 1420.4 MHz Líftími: ..........106 ár (t0) Raun-líftími...500 ár (t)

http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/spectra.html Orion nebula H atóm

tegunda- og magngreining möguleg MEIRA? Innbyrðis styrkur litrófslína, sama efnis breytilegur (?)

A A-B E(n) n ¥ : E(v) E(J) n=3 n=2 E(n) n=1 E(n)

A A-B E(n) n ¥ : E(v) E(J) n=3 n=2 E(n) n=1 E(n)

A A-B E(n) n ¥ : E(v) E(J) n=3 n=2 E(n) n=1 E(n)

A A-B E(n) n ¥ : E(v) E(J) n=3 n=2 E(n) n=1 E(n)

(1) (2)

“Hitamælir”: Calc. measured

Hiti mismikill í geimnum, sbr.: ...sameindaský “giant molecular clouds” / GMC Heit sameindaský: ..í nánd við stjörnur / ljósorku Köld sameindaský: Fjarri stjörnum / ljósorku

Köld sameindaský:

H2 Köld sameindaský: »75% »25% <1% Vetni(H) Helíum(He) Annað(C,O,N,Si..)