In the United States, juries must be instructed to apply the reasonable doubt standard when determining the guilt or innocence of a criminal defendant, but there is much disagreement as to whether the jury should be given a definition of "reasonable doubt." [8] In Victor v. Nebraska, the U.S. Supreme Court expressed disapproval of the unclear reasonable doubt instructions at issue, but stopped short of setting forth an exemplary jury instruction. [9] instructed [8] Victor v. NebraskaU.S. Supreme Court [9]

reasonable doubt: n. not being sure of a criminal defendant's guilt to a moral certainty. Thus, a juror (or judge sitting without a jury) must be convinced of guilt of a crime (or the degree of crime, as murder instead of manslaughter) "beyond a reasonable doubt," and the jury will be told so by the judge in the jury instructions. However, it is a subjective test since each juror will have to decide if his/her doubt is reasonable.

A hung jury is a slang term for a hopelessly deadlocked jury in a criminal case, in which a decision on guilt or innocence cannot be made. Usually it means there is no unanimous verdict, although a couple of states don't require a unanimous verdict to convict. A mistrial will be declared by the judge in the case of a hung jury, and a new trial with a new jury is required.

Rhetoric is the art of using language effectively in order to persuade. In Twelve Angry Men Juror #8 and Juror #3 have different purposes for gaining the other jurors favor when they present their evidence. Juror #8 wants to rationalize the boys actions while Juror #3 desires that the jurors condemn the boy. Both men attempt to gain the other jury members favor by the use of ethos, pathos, and logos.

Speakers Purpose LOGOSETHOSPATHOS How Did They Persuade the Audience?

The writer or speaker appeals to his/her own credibility and character as a reasonable, reliable, and good person. Ive lived in a slum all my life….

Evokes audiences EMOTIONS through hidden meanings, sarcasm, irony, hyperbole, contrast, and repetition.

Appeals to audiences LOGIC & REASONING By constructing a logical, Well-reasoned Argument and message; May include the use of a concession or counterargument.

These twelve jurors have just heard the trial of an 18 year old boy who is accused of killing his father. His father was abusive. They lived in the ghetto of the city. The evidence is questionable to some, to others it is clear. The jurors MUST reach an unanimous verdict or a mistrial will be ordered.

Impressed with authority handles himself formally not overly bright

Meek Hesitant and finds it difficult to maintain any opinions of his own Easily swayed Adopts the opinion of the last person who has spoken

Very strong and forceful Extremely opinionated Humorless man who is intolerant of others opinions Accustomed to forcing his views and wishes upon others

Wealthy Presents himself well at all times Thinks he is better than everyone else Appalled at the behavior of the other jurors Only concerned with the facts of the case

Naïve, frightened young man Takes his obligations seriously Finds it difficult to speak up when his elders have the floor

Honest man Makes his decisions slowly and carefully Finds it difficult to make positive opinions Has to listen and digest opinions of others that he finds appeal to him

Loud, flashy salesman Feels he has more important things to do than to be on this jury Quick tempered Forms quick opinions on things he knows nothing about He is a bully, and a coward

Quiet, thoughtful, gentle man See all sides to every question Constantly seeks the truth Has strength tempered with compassion Wants justice done and will fight to make sure it is done

Mild, gentle old man Feels defeated by life Waiting to die Realizes exactly what he is Mourns for days when he would have been able to be courageous

Angry, bitter man Antagonizes everyone A bigot who holds no value for any life but his own A man who has gone no where and is going no where

A refugee from Europe Speaks with an accent Is ashamed, humble, almost subservient to others Honestly seeks justice because he has suffered much injustice

Bright advertising man He thinks of individuals in terms of percentages, graphs, polls, etc. Has no real understanding of people Superficial snob, but tries to be a good guy