Table of running resistances – PSA proposal WLTP-DTP-LabProcICE-167 Table of running resistances – PSA proposal Bertrand MERCIER November 2012

Using the table of running resistances The table of running resistances is necessary for the multi-stage vehicles These are N1 vehicles Are M1 vehicles using this table ? How is done the dyno setting ? Set the dyno with 3 coefficients a, b and c F = a + b v + c v² a is a constant in N b is in N/(km/h) c is in N/(km/h)² Put the vehicle on the dyno

Proposed approach The road load of the vehicle is due to several effects Aerodynamic Mechanical losses (Front and Rear) Tires rolling resistance (Front and Rear) A C1 C2 B1 B2 TIRE ROLL. REST. Aerodynamic Mech. Loss.

Proposed approach On the dyno, the vehicle is submit to several forces And the dyno is used to simulate Aerodynamics Rear tires rolling resistances (nondriving axle) Rear axle mechanical losses (nondriving axle) C2 B2 Aerodynamic Mech. Loss. B1 A C1 TIRE ROLL. REST.

Proposed approach   C1 B1

Proposed approach Aerodynamics A The coefficient c is comming from aerodynamics (1/2 ρ SCx v²)

Evaluation of the position of N1 vehicles Evaluation of aerodynamics on several vehicles 3 types of N1 vehicles (only vans) F1 (Berlingo/Partner) K1 (Jumpy/Expert) K2/K3 (Jumper/Boxer) For each type , 3 shapes : mini ; medium; maxi For each type and shape : The test mass , average of market distribution The Aerodynamics, worst case on the vans Vehicle Test Mass (kg) Aero (m²) ½ ρ SCx (N/(km/h)²) F1 mini 1713 1,21 0,0552 F1 medium 1784 1,25 0,0571 F1 maxi 1881 1,35 0,0616 K1 mini 2141 1,41 0,0644 K1 medium 2250 1,46 0,0666 K1 maxi 2318 1,51 0,0689 K2/K3 mini 2411 K2/K3 medium 2578 1,73 0,0790 K2/K3 maxi 2965 2,1 0,0958

Evaluation of the position of N1 vehicles Positionning of the 9 « vehicles »

Evaluation of the position of N1 vehicles Positionning of the 9 « vehicles »

Proposal for the a , b and c coefficients F = a + b * v + c * v² a coefficient a = F(RRC) + F(Brake) in N a = 0,06 * TM + 30 in N Where TM is TMH or TML in kg b coefficient b = 0,1 in N/(km/h) c coefficient c = 1/2 ρ SCx in N/(km/h)² c = 0,0922 + (-5,06E-05) * TM + (1,75E-08) * TM² in N/(km/h)²

Proposal for the a , b and c coefficients Illustration F = a + b * v + c * v²

Conclusion Proposal Issues To Use this new ‘table’ To Apply a factor of 1,1 (10%) to insure that the table wont be used for common vehicles Issues Is this table necessary for M1 vehicles ? Need some more datas for heavyer vehicles Opposite concavity