Cells: Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

Cells have evolved two different architectures: Prokaryote “style” Small and Simple Evolved before eukaryotes Eukaryote “style” More complicated and larger Evolved from prokaryotes

Prokaryote cells are smaller and simpler Commonly known as bacteria Very small Single-celled(unicellular) or Filamentous (strings of single cells)

These are prokaryote E. coli bacteria on the head of a steel pin.

Prokaryote cells are simply built (example: E. coli) capsule: slimy outer coating cell wall: tougher middle layer cell membrane: delicate inner skin

Prokaryote cells are simply built (example: E. coli) cytoplasm: inner liquid filling DNA in one big loop pilli: for sticking to things flagella: for swimming ribosomes: for building proteins

Eukaryotes are bigger and more complicated Have organelles Have chromosomes in a nucleus. can be multicellular with different types of cells in one organism include animal and plant cells

What makes organelles an advantage? Cells can do many jobs at one time. Many organelles are made of folded membranes. The more membrane = more chemical reactions Membrane bound organelles help protect important parts of the cell.

Advantages of each kind of cell architecture Prokaryotes Eukaryotes simple and easy to grow can specialize fast reproduction multicellularity all the same can build large bodies

Exit Ticket Compare and Contrast the structure of prokaryotes with eukaryotes (at least 3 similarities and differences) What’s are the advantages to being a prokaryote? Eukaryote? What makes having organelles an advantage?

Organelles are membrane-bound cell parts Mini “organs” that have unique structures and functions Located in cytoplasm

Cell Structures Cell membrane Controls what enters and exits the cell = gate keeper Used in cellular communication

Nucleus a membrane-bound sac evolved to store the cell’s chromosomes(DNA) Tells the cell what to do = brain of the cell

Nucleolus inside nucleus location of ribosome factory made or RNA

mitochondrion makes the cell’s energy the more energy the cell needs, the more mitochondria it has

Ribosomes build proteins from amino acids in cytoplasm may be free- floating, or may be attached to ER made of RNA

Endoplasmic reticulum may be smooth: builds lipids and carbohydrates may be rough: stores proteins made by attached ribosomes

Golgi Complex takes in sacs of raw material from ER sends out sacs containing finished cell products Cell postal service

Lysosomes sacs filled with digestive enzymes digest worn out cell parts digest food absorbed by cell

Centrioles pair of bundled tubes organize cell division

Cytoskeleton made of microtubules found throughout cytoplasm gives shape to cell & moves organelles around inside.

Structures found in plant cells Cell wall very strong made of cellulose protects cell from rupturing glued to other cells next door plant bones

Vacuole huge water- filled sac keeps cell pressurized stores starch

Chloroplasts filled with chlorophyll turn solar energy into food energy

How are plant and animal cells similar & different?

Structure Animal cells Plant cells cell membrane Yes yes nucleus nucleolus ribosomes ER Golgi centrioles no cell wall mitochondria cholorplasts One big vacuole cytoskeleton

Examples of specialized euk. cells liver cell: specialized to detoxify blood and store glucose as glycogen.

sperm cell: specialized to deliver DNA to egg cell

Mesophyll cell specialize d to capture as much light as possible inside a leaf

Flagellum/flagella large whiplike tail pushes or pulls cell through water can be single, or a pair

Cilia fine, hairlike extensions attached to cell membrane beat in unison