States of Matter

State Standards 8.3d – Students know the states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) depend on molecular motion. 8.3e – Students know that in solids the atoms are closely locked in position and can only vibrate, in liquids the atoms and molecules are more loosely connected and can collide with and move past one another; and in gases the atoms and molecules are free to move independently, colliding frequently 8.5d – Students know physical processes include freezing and boiling, in which a material changes form with no chemical reaction 8.7e – Student know substances can be classified by their properties, including their melting temperature, density, hardness, and thermal and electrical conductivity

What you will learn: Read Pages: 110-113 All matter is made of particles that are always in motion. Each state of matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) depends on the motion of its particles. In solids, particles can only vibrate.

In liquids, particles can collide with and move past one another What you will learn: In liquids, particles can collide with and move past one another In gases, particles are free to move independently, colliding frequently. In plasmas, particles move independently and are broken apart.

Warm-Up Name 3 items that are solids, liquids, and gasses. How do you turn a liquid into a gas? How do you turn a solid into a liquid? How do you turn a liquid into a solid?

Warm-Up Answers Name 3 items that are solids, liquids, and gasses. How do you turn a liquid into a gas? a.) Evaporation How do you turn a solid into a liquid? a.) Melting How do you turn a liquid into a solid? a.) Freezing

Key Terms: States of Matter – The physical forms of a substance. Atoms – The stuff matter is made out of. Molecules – A group of atoms held together by chemical forces.

Key Terms: Solid – A state of matter in which the volume and shape do not change. Liquid – A state of matter in which the volume is definite but the shape changes to the form of container. Gas – A state of matter in which volume and shape are not definite. Plasma – A state of matter in which volume and shape are not definite and particles are broken apart.

Matter: Moving Particles Matter is made up of tiny things called atoms and molecules Atoms and molecules are called PARTICLES. Atoms and Molecules are ALWAYS moving and bumping into each other. (like bumper cars) The way that these particles move helps us find out the state of the matter.

States of Matter Solid Strong attraction between particles. Particles are very close to each other. Can only vibrate Liquid More loosely connected than solids Can hit each other and pass each other Gas Particles move really fast Move on their own Collide frequently (a lot)

Solids Solids keep their original SHAPE or SIZE. Solids have definite shape and volume. The particles are very close to each other. There is a strong attraction between the particles. The particles do not move fast, and cannot pass each other. Particles can only VIBRATE.

Standards Check 1. How is each state of matter different from the other ones?

Standards Check Answer How is each state of matter different from the other ones? Particles of solids only vibrate. Particles of a liquid can hit each other and pass each other. Particles of a gas move on their own (independently) and collide often.

Liquids Have a definite volume. Change shape to their container. Particles move fast enough to overcome attractions between them. Particles collide and slide past each other. Particles remain close together.

Gases NO definite volume or shape. Little attraction between particles Particles move freely and collide with each other often. Amount of empty space between particles can change. The larger the amount of empty space between particles, the larger the volume.

Plasmas Most common state of matter in the universe. Sun and stars are made out of it. More than 99% of matter in the universe is plasma Conduct electric current. Gasses do not! Affected by electric and magnetic fields. A lightning bolt is made of plasma.

Standards Check What are a liquid’s particles able to do that a solid’s particles cannot? Describe the motion of particles in a gas.

Standards Check Answers What are a liquid’s particles able to do that a solid’s particles cannot? A liquid’s particles can slide past one another Describe the motion of particles in a gas. Particles of a gas move around freely and collide randomly with each other.

Understanding Concepts Describe particle motion in: a.) Solids – b.) Liquids – c.) Gases –

Understanding Concepts Answer Describe particle motion in: a.) Solids – Particles of a solid can only vibrate. b.) Liquids – Particles of liquid can slide past each other. c.) Gases – Particles of a gas move quickly in any direction.

Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma

Summary Particles of matter are in constant motion. The states of matter depend on the motion of particles. A solid has a definite shape and volume A liquid has a definite volume but not shape. A gas does NOT have a definite volume or shape A plasma does NOT have a definite shape or volume and its particles are broken apart.

Homework: Page 113 #’s 1-6 Do Not Copy Questions

Close Together; only vibrate Classwork Work with the person next to you to complete the table in your notebooks. (5 minutes) State of Matter Definite Shape? Definite Volume Particles Solid Yes Close Together; only vibrate Liquid Gas Plasma

Classwork On A Separate Piece of Paper Fold the Paper as shown Label the Categories as shown Put Name on the Back Complete the properties and drawings for Solids, Liquids, and Gasses Due at the End of Period Solid Liquid Gas Properties Properties Properties Drawing Drawing Drawing

Exit Ticket – On a Separate Piece of Paper 1. The volume of a gas can change, but the volume of a solid can’t. Explain in terms of particles why this is true.

What you will learn: Read Pages: 114-119 A change in state is a physical process in which a material changes form with no chemical reaction. Changes of state include melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, and sublimation, and involve a gain or loss of energy by the particles. Every material has a melting point and a freezing point.

Homework: Page 119 #’s 1-8 Do Not Copy Questions

Key Terms: Change of State – Going from one state of matter to another. Melting – Solid  Liquid Evaporation – Liquid  Gas Boiling – Liquid Gas (Throughout the Liquid) Condensation – Gas  Liquid Sublimation – Solid  Gas

Changes of State When matter goes from one physical form to another. All changes of state are PHYSICAL CHANGES. Identity of Matter does NOT change. Particles move differently depending on the state. Particles have different amounts of energy in each state. To change substance from one form to another, you have to add or remove energy.

Standards Check 1. In terms of energy, what must happen to the particles of a substance for it to change state?

Standards Check Answer In terms of energy, what must happen to the particles of a substance for it to change state? Energy must be added or removed from the particles of a substance for the substance to change state.

Melting: Solid  Liquid Requires adding energy to a substance. Ice Melting is an example. All substances have a specific melting point.

Melting Point As the temperature increases of a solid, the particles move faster. When a certain temperature is reached, the solid will melt. Melting point of water is about 32° degrees Fahrenheit or 0° degrees Celsius. The temperature at which a substance goes from Solid to Liquid is called Melting Point.

Melting Point Melting points tell you the chemical composition of the material and is used to classify material. Substance Melting Point Water 32° F Table Salt 1,473 °F Copper 1,984 °F Gold 1,947 °F

Standards Check What is melting point? What does a melting point tell you about a substance?

Standards Check Answers What is melting point? The temperature at which the particles of a solid begin to overcome their attraction to each other and slide past one another. What does a melting point tell you about a substance? It’s chemical composition. It allows you to classify substances.

Homework – 1. At home or in the library at school find the melting points of 5 substances. What do the different temperatures tell you?

Adding and Removing Energy For a solid to melt, particles must absorb energy to overcome some of their attractions to each other. For Extra Credit – Where is the energy coming from to make something melt? HEAT Is energy getting absorbed or released when something goes from Liquid to Solid? Released

Freezing: Liquid  Solid Changing a state from Liquid to Solid is called FREEZING. For freezing to take place, the attraction of the particles must overcome the movement of the particles. Then particles will become closely locked together.

Freezing Point The temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid. Reverse of Melting Freezing and Melting points happen at the same temperature. Liquid water freezes at the same temperature at which ice melts. What is the freezing point of water?

Freezing Point Freezing points tell you the chemical composition of the material and is used to classify material. Substance Freezing Point Water 32° F Table Salt 1,473 °F Copper 1,984 °F Gold 1,947 °F

Evaporation: Liquid  Gas Evaporation is the change of state from a liquid to a gas. Evaporation can happen at the surface of a liquid. With the person sitting next to you describe what happens when a person sweats using the word evaporation.

Boiling: Liquid  Gas Boiling is the change of a liquid to a gas throughout the liquid. The temperature at which this happens is the boiling point.

Condensation: Gas  Liquid The reverse of evaporation. The change of state from Gas to Liquid. The condensation point is the temperature at which gas becomes liquid.

Condensation: Gas  Liquid Same as the boiling point. For gas to become liquid particles have to clump together. Energy must be removed.

Sublimation: Solid  Gas The process of going from solid to gas. Dry ice is an example Dry ice is Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in a solid state that turns into a gas state. For a substance to go from solid to gas the particles have to go from being very close together to being spread apart. Energy has to be put in. (ENDOTHERMIC)

Energy Add Energy Add Energy Solid Liquid Gas Melting Evaporation

Gas Energy Solid Liquid Freezing Condensation Remove Energy

Chapter Review You have 20 minutes to complete the chapter review on YOUR OWN. UP NEXT: Elements