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Q.Q. 02/20 Which of the following is an abiotic factor? dog water c. palm tree d. bacteria

Q.Q. 02/20 Which of the following is an abiotic factor? dog water c. palm tree d. bacteria

Ecology Unit #8 CHAPTERS 3 & 4 in textbook tschwartz

Ecology is the study of the interactions among living things (organisms), and their Environment.

Abiotic vs. Biotic Abiotic: Physical, or nonliving, factor that shapes an ecosystem. Examples: rocks, climate, pressure and humidity. Biotic: Living factors such as plants, animals, fungi, protist and bacteria are all biotic or living factors. tschwartz

Organism: an individual living thing, such as an alligator. Ecologists study environments at different levels of organization Organism: an individual living thing, such as an alligator. Organism

Population: a group of the same species that lives in one area. Organism

Community: a group of different species that live together in one area. (LIVING ONLY!!) Community Population Organism

Biotic and Abiotic factors An ecosystem includes all of the organisms as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks and other nonliving things in a given area. Biotic and Abiotic factors Ecosystem Community Population Organism

Biome: a major regional or global community of organisms characterized by the climate conditions and plant communities that thrive there. Biome Ecosystem Community Population Organism

Question 1 A certain plant requires moisture, oxygen, carbon dioxide, light, and minerals in order to survive. This statement shows that a living organism depends on? biotic factors abiotic factors carnivore-herbivore relationships decomposers tschwartz

Question 2 Which is a biotic factor operating within an ecosystem? the type of climate in a given region the rate of flow of water in a river the carnivores that consume other animals the amount of helium gas in the air tschwartz

Producers Sunlight is the main energy source for life on earth Also called autotrophs (“Self feeder”) Use light or chemical energy to make food 1. Plants 2. Plant-like Protists (algae) 3. Bacteria Picture= Protist Spirogyra tschwartz

Producers get their energy from non-living resources. Photosynthesis in most producers uses sunlight as an energy source. “photo = light” Chemosynthesis in prokaryote (bacteria) producers uses chemicals as an energy source to make carbohydrates. “chemo= chemical” Algae (Protists)

(Remember: 6CO2 + 6H2O 6O2 + C6H12O6) Photosynthesis —use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates (glucose) (Remember: 6CO2 + 6H2O 6O2 + C6H12O6) Light Energy tschwartz

Consumers Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply Also called heterotrophs (“different feeding” tschwartz

Types of Consumers: Herbivores eat only plants. Carnivores eat only animals. Omnivores eat both plants and animals. Decomposers are organism that break down organic matter into simpler compounds. *Fungi and bacteria - usually eating dead organisms! carnivore decomposer

Examples: Herbivores Carnivore tschwartz

Decomposers (fungi & bacteria) Omnivore Decomposers (fungi & bacteria) tschwartz

Feeding Interactions Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction—> from the sun OR inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to heterotrophs (consumers)

Food Chain — series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten *one direct step after another Arrows go in the direction of how energy is transferred Start with producer and end with top consumer or carnivore Towards consumer! Ex: grass cricket frog raccoon tschwartz

Food Web - network of food chains within an ecosystem Hawks Weasels Raccoons Mice Grass Which of the organisms above is the producer? Which of the organisms above is the top consumer? Grass Hawks tschwartz

Q.Q. 2/21/19 Organism Community Ecosystem Population A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area is called a(n): Organism Community Ecosystem Population

Q.Q. 2/21/19 Organism Community Ecosystem Population A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area is called a(n): Organism Community Ecosystem Population

Trophic Levels Trophic levels are the nourishment levels in a food chain. “-troph” = “food or feeding” Producers- autotrophs Primary consumers –herbivores; eat producers. Secondary consumers- carnivores; eat herbivores. Tertiary consumers- carnivores; eat secondary consumers. *Omnivores, such as humans, may be listed at different trophic levels in different food chains. tschwartz

Energy and Biomass Pyramid Represents amount of energy available at each level, as well as amount of living tissue (biomass) Decrease with each increasing trophic level! tschwartz

Energy and Biomass Pyramid available to the next level. *Only 10% of the energy in a trophic level is available to the next level. tschwartz

WHY is so little energy transferred? Most of the energy transferred is lost to the environment as HEAT (most energy given off from respiration, wastes not absorbed…)

How much energy is available for the mountain lion? 5,000 (10% of 50,000) tertiary consumers secondary primary producers ?? 50, 000 500,000 5,000,000 How much energy is available for the mountain lion? A vast number of producers are required to support even a few top level consumers.

A keystone species is a species that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem.

Ch. 4 – ecosystems and communities Biotic and Abiotic Interactions

Levels of biological organization Biome Source: https://sites.google.com/site/mrsebiology97/ecology/ecology-objective-1 tschwartz

A habitat differs from a niche A habitat is all aspects of the area in which an organism lives. (location) An ecological niche includes all of the factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce. (Role in ecosystem) food Behavior 35

Biotic Relationships : (Living interacting with living!) Interactions within a COMMUNITY include: Symbiosis (sym-together; bio-life) Predator/Prey Competition

Three Types of Symbiosis Mutualism - both species benefit Commensalism- one species benefits, the other is unaffected Parasitism- one species benefits, the other is harmed

1. Mutualism EXAMPLES of SYMBIOSIS: Otters and Kelp The otters help the kelp by eating the sea urchins which endanger it. The kelp provides and anchor for the otters while they sleep.

2. Commensalism EXAMPLES of SYMBIOSIS: The cattle egret and cows The cattle help the egret who look for grasshoppers and beetles that are raised by the cows. Now and then they sit on the back of a cow, looking for ticks and flies. This does not effect the cattle in any way.

3. Parasitism EXAMPLES of SYMBIOSIS: Tapeworms Example: Bedbugs Bedbugs are small, nocturnal parasites that come out of hiding at night to feed on unsuspecting humans.  They feed exclusively on blood!  Their bites often result in an allergic reaction. Tapeworms The host of the cucumber tapeworm is a dog or a cat (occasionally a human). the dog or cat becomes contaminated when the eggs are passed in the feces,

Predation occurs when one organism captures and eats another. (Completely kills vs. parasitism = slowly feeds off of another) 41

Predator / Prey Interactions Predator and prey interactions in a community can lead to development of unique adaptations in a population like camouflage and mimicry.

Species Interactions in an Ecosystem

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