Chapter 3: Planning Network Protocols and Compatibility

Learning Objectives Explain basic network concepts, including network terms, types of networks, and network cards Explain the NDIS and ODI network driver specifications Explain the communications protocols used in Windows 2000 Server, including TCP/IP, NWLink, NetBEUI, DLC, and AppleTalk LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Learning Objectives (continued) Plan network binding order, change the binding order, and bind and unbind protocols Plan how to implement protocols on different types of networks LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Protocol A protocol consists of guidelines for: How data is formatted into discrete units called packets and frames How packets and frames are transmitted across one or more networks How packets and frames are interpreted at the receiving end LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Packets and Frames Packets and frames are units of data transmitted from one networked computer or device to another. Although packets and frames are often used to have the same meaning, there is a difference. Packets operate at a higher communication layer and contain routing information. LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

General Sections in Packets and Frames Header Data Trailer or footer LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Packet and Frame Format Figure 3-1 Basic packet and frame format LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Network Design The basic design of a network is its topology Topology: The physical layout of the cable and the logical path followed by network packets and frames sent on the cable Bus Ring Star LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Ethernet and Token Ring Ethernet: A network transport system that uses a carrier sensing and collision detection method to regulate data transmissions Token ring: A network transport method that uses a token, which is passed from node to node, to coordinate data transmissions LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Local Area Network Local area network (LAN): Joins computers, printers, and other computer equipment within a limited service area and generally employs only one topology LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Figure 3-2 A LAN in a building Example of a LAN Figure 3-2 A LAN in a building LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Metropolitan Area Network Metropolitan area network (MAN): A network that links multiple LANs within a large city or metropolitan area LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Example of a MAN MAN connecting buildings in a city University chemistry building Research hospital Pharmaceutical company MAN connecting buildings in a city LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Enterprise Network Enterprise Network: A network that often reaches throughout a large area, such as a college campus, a city, or across several states. A distinguishing factor of an enterprise network is that it brings together an array of network resources such as many kinds of servers, mainframes, printers, network devices, intranets, and the Internet LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Typical Resources in an Enterprise Network Figure 3-3 Resources in an enterprise network LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Wide Area Network Wide Area Network (WAN): A far-reaching system of networks that can extend across state lines and across continents LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Example of a WAN WAN across a continent LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Network Interface Card Communication Medium Options Coaxial cable (thick and thinnet) Twisted-pair (shielded and unshielded) Fiber-optic Wireless (infrared, radio wave, microwave, satellite) LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Connecting a Medium to a NIC Figure 3-4 Connecting cable to a NIC LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Device Address Each NIC has a physical or device address that is burned into a PROM on the card Media access control (MAC) address is another way of describing the device address LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Device Address LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

MS - NDIS (Start Here) Simultaneous-Multiple Protocols Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS): A set of standards developed by Microsoft and 3COM for network drivers that enables communication between a NIC and a protocol, and that enables the use of multiple protocols on the same network LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Figure 3-5 Binding a protocol to a NIC NDIS Architecture Figure 3-5 Binding a protocol to a NIC LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Novell – ODI Simultaneous-Multiple Protocols Open Datalink Interface (ODI) driver: A driver that is used by Novell NetWare networks to transport multiple protocols on the same network Found on some older MS networks Best to convert older systems to NDIS before upgrading to Win2000 LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Microsoft-Supported Communication Protocols LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Microsoft-Supported Protocols (continued) LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) portion performs extensive error checking to ensure that data is delivered successfully Internet Protocol (IP) portion consists of rules for packaging data and ensuring that it reaches the correct destination address LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

TCP/IP A Protocol Well-suited for medium and large networks Designed for routing; has high degree of reliability Used worldwide for directly connecting to the Internet and by Web servers Enables lower TCO on Microsoft networks LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

PROs/CONs TCP/IP not a true international standard But has evolved as a de facto standard ease of configuration, maintenance, scaled flexible Good error detection/recovery Global acceptance/broad appeal OSI is Global, but implementations at each layer causes incompatibilities between different networks LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

TCP/IP Advantages Compatible with standard tools for analyzing network performance Parallel ability to use DHCP and WINS through a Windows 2000 server Ability for diverse networks and operating systems to communicate Compatible with Microsoft Windows Sockets LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

TCP/IP Disadvantages More difficult to set up and maintain than other protocols Somewhat slower than IPX/SPX and NetBEUI on networks with light to medium traffic LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

UDP (connectionless TCP) OSI Application FTP Telnet SMTP HTTP SNMP RTP Presentation Sesion Transport TCP UDP (connectionless TCP) Network Internet Protocol ARP   Datalink Ethernet ATM Token ring Physical Physical Layer FTP File Transfer Protocol SMPT Simple Mail Transport Protocol HTTP Hypertext Transmission Protocol DNS Domain Name Service ARP Address Resolution Protocol TELNET Terminal Emulation SNMP Simple Network Management Protocols (UDP) RTP Real-time Transport (UDP) TCP Transmission Control Protocol IP Internat Protocol IPv4 IPv6 VoIP Voice over IP VoFR Voice over frame relay UDP User Datagram Protocol HTTP Hypertext Transmission Protocol DNS Domain Name Service ARP Address Resolution Protocol

TCP TCP/IP Not part of Datalink and Physical Layers TCP is analogous to the OSI transport layer Connection must me established before data flow guaranteed delivery end-to-end error checking / correction / acknowledgement ensures data is transmitted error free TCP packet format: Src Addr Dest Addr Cntrl Infor CRC Urgency Options Payload ---------- 2 bytes TCP 12 bytes Header --------- Variable variable LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

UDP User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is connectionless version of TCP Flow can occur before connection sessions are established CON-Less reliable PRO-Less overhead If reliability established at higher levels, is more efficient than TCP LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

IP IP is analogous to the OSI network Layer segments and packets data for transmission adds header for delivery Header is in addition to TCP/UDP header appended to the application data Includes Dest and Src address ensuring end-to-end data flow Each network node reads the header info and properly routes the packet No check for or assurance of delivery LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

IP No relationship between Layer 2 address and IP address When IP data is delivered to LAN: AN ARP (address resolution Protocol) is required to enable data to reach its destination Physical machine address (MAC address) ARP provides rules for making the correlation between IP to MAC and MAC to IP addresses LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

IP IP routing specifies that IP datagrams travel through internetworks one-hop-at-a-time The entire route is not know at the beginning of the journey At each stop, the destination is calculated by matching the destination address within the datagram with an entry in the current nodes routing table. (Dynamic routing) Each nodes involvement is to forward packet based on its own knowledge IPv4 Header and ctrl info CRC Source Addr Dest Addr Options Payload 10 bytes 2 bytes 4 bytes variable LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Dotted Decimal Notation Dotted Decimal Notation: An addressing technique that uses four octets, such as 100000110.11011110.1100101.00000101, converted to decimal (e.g., 134.22.101.005), to differentiate individual servers, workstations, and other network devices. LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Multicasting, single packet to multiple sources (UDP only) IP Addressing Experimental 1 Class E Multicast Address Class D Host Portion Network Portion Class C Class B Network Class A 32 Bits Experimental 1 Class E Multicast Address Class D Host Portion Network Portion Class C Class B Network Class A 32 Bits Experimental 1 Class E Multicast Address Class D Host Portion Network Portion Class C Class B Network Class A 32 Bits Experimental 1 Class E Multicast Address Class D Host Portion Network Portion Class C Class B Network Class A 32 Bits Experimental 1 Class E Multicast Address Class D Host Portion Network Portion Class C Class B Network Class A 32 Bits Experimental 1 Class E Multicast Address Class D Host Portion Network Portion Class C Class B Network Class A 32 Bits Experimental 1 Class E Multicast Address Class D Host Portion Network Portion Class C Class B Network Class A 32 Bits Future Use Experimental 1 Class E Multicasting, single packet to multiple sources (UDP only) Multicast Address Class D Smaller Organization Network Portion Class C Large Organizations Class B Very Large Networks Host Portion Network Class A 32 Bits 32 Bits Cl A Network Host Portion 128 Network 16.78M Hosts Very Large Networks Cl B 1 Network Portion 16.3k network 65.5k Hosts Large Organizations Cl C 2M Networks, 256 hosts Smaller Organization Cl D Multicast Address Multicasting, single packet to multiple sources (UDP only) Cl E Experimental Future Use LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Dotted Decimal Notation 4 Decimal Number separated by periods Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) responsible for Assigning IPs Running Root servers that provide base for Domain Name Service (DNS) Final arbitrator for standards LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Subnet Mask Subnet mask: A designated portion of an IP address that is used to indicate the class of addressing on a network and to divide a network into subnetworks as a way to control traffic and enforce security Class A 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 Class B 11111111. 11111111. 11111111.00000000 Entire 3rd oct designated subnet ID (255) Class B 11111111. 11111111. 11111000.00000000 1st 5 bits of 3rd oct designated subnet ID (248) LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Unicasting and Multicasting In a unicast, a transmission is sent to each client that requests a file or application, such as a multimedia presentation In a multicast, a transmission is sent to all requesting clients as a group (reducing the total network traffic) LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Unicasting and Multicasting Compared Figure 3-6 Unicasting compared to multicasting LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Configuring the IP Address and Subnet Mask in Windows 2000 Figure 3-7 IP address and subnet mask setup LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Static and Dynamic Addressing Dynamic addressing: Involves automatically assigning an IP address to a network host Static addressing: Involves manually assigning an IP address to a network host LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Routing via TCP/IP Figure 3-8 Router forwarding packets to a designated network LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Planning Tip For medium and large sized networks, plan to use TCP/IP because it enables you to manage and secure network traffic through creating subnets LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

UDP (connectionless TCP) OSI Application FTP Telnet SMTP HTTP SNMP RTP Presentation Sesion Transport TCP UDP (connectionless TCP) Network Internet Protocol ARP   Datalink Ethernet ATM Token ring Physical Physical Layer FTP File Transfer Protocol SMPT Simple Mail Transport Protocol HTTP Hypertext Transmission Protocol DNS Domain Name Service ARP Address Resolution Protocol TELNET Terminal Emulation SNMP Simple Network Management Protocols (UDP) RTP Real-time Transport (UDP) TCP Transmission Control Protocol IP Internat Protocol IPv4 IPv6 VoIP Voice over IP VoFR Voice over frame relay UDP User Datagram Protocol HTTP Hypertext Transmission Protocol DNS Domain Name Service ARP Address Resolution Protocol

Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite (continued) LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite (continued) LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite (continued) LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite (continued) LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

IPX/SPX A Protocol IPX: A protocol developed by Novell for use with its NetWare server operating system (particularly for NetWare versions before version 5) SPX: A Novell connection-oriented protocol used for network transport when there is a particular need for data reliability Netware now uses TCP/IP not IPX/SPX LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

MS NWLink A Protocol A network protocol that simulates the IPX/SPX protocol for Microsoft Windows 95, 98, NT, and 2000 communications with Novell NetWare file servers and compatible devices LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

When to Use NWLink To enable a computer running Windows 2000 to access a NetWare server (pre-version 5) To set up Windows 2000 as a gateway to a NetWare server To enable NetWare clients to access a Windows 2000 server LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Planning Tip If you upgrade NetWare servers to version 5.x or higher, convert from IPX/SPX to TCP/IP for better network communication options and better compatibility with Windows 2000 servers LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

MS NetBIOS A Communications Protocol Network Basic IO System Not recommended over TCP/IP A combination software interface and network naming convention Object named on the network Available in Windows 2000 through the files Netbt.sys, NetBIOS.sys, and NetBIOS.dll LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

NetBEUI A Communications Protocol NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI): A non-routable communications protocol native to early Microsoft network communications LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

When to Use NetBEUI For temporary backward compatibility when converting from Windows NT Server to Windows 2000 Server For small networks that do not have Internet access, that do not use the Active Directory, that do not use routing, and that require only a basic installation For backward compatibility with particular applications LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

DLC Data Link Control (DLC) protocol: Enables communication with older IBM mainframes and minicomputers, and with some older HP print server cards LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

When to Use DLC To connect to IBM and other computers that use Systems Network Architecture (SNA) communications To connect to older peripheral devices, such as printers that use DLC LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

AppleTalk AppleTalk: A peer-to-peer protocol used in network communication between Macintosh computers Windows 2000 Server Services for Macintosh include: File Server for Macintosh (MacFile) Print Server for Macintosh (MacPrint) AppleTalk protocol LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

When to Use AppleTalk Use AppleTalk to enable Macintosh clients to connect to Windows 2000 Server LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Binding Order Windows NT and Windows 2000 enable you to set a binding order which establishes the protocol that will be tried first in a network communication (or a communication with a network printer) E.g. Set TCP/IP to be first protocol tried to communicate with server, then IPX/SPX LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Troubleshooting Tip If network performance is slow and your network uses a combination of protocols, tune the binding order on Windows NT and Windows 2000 clients which can be an inexpensive way to immediately relieve network congestion LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Network Planning Considerations Size and purpose of the organization Potential growth Proportion of mission-critical applications Role of the network to the mission of the organization Security needs Budget Internet and intranet requirements Interconnectivity requirements LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Planning Tip Begin network planning by understanding: User needs Important business processes Current resources Potential growth LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Considerations in Selecting the Right Protocol(s) Routing needs Size of the network in terms of connections Presence of Windows 2000 servers Presence of mainframes and other computers that use SNA Presence of NetWare servers Access to the Internet or intranets Presence of mission-critical and multimedia applications LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Chapter Summary Protocols are the life blood of a network, thus plan their use carefully. The Microsoft NDIS driver enables using one or more protocols such as TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBEUI, DLC, and AppleTalk. For modern networking TCP/IP implementations are preferred. LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Chapter Summary Plan to use only the protocols necessary. Tune network binding order in Windows NT and Windows 2000 operating systems to enhance network performance. LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) – A protocol in the TCP/IP suite that enables a sending station to determine the MAC address of another station on a network. AppleTalk – A peer-to-peer protocol used in network communication between Macintosh computers. bridge – A network transmission device that connects together different LAN segments using the same access method, for example connecting an Ethernet LAN to another Ethernet LAN or a token ring LAN to another token ring LAN. Bridge devices look at MAC addresses (OSI Layer 2) but do not look at routing information (Layer 3) in a frame. connectionless communication – Also called a connectionless service, a communication service that provides no checks (or minimal checks) to make sure that data accurately reaches the destination node. connection-oriented communication – Also called a connection-oriented service, this service provides several ways to ensure that data is successfully received at the destination, such as requiring an acknowledgement of receipt and using a checksum to make sure the packet or frame contents are accurate. Data Link Control protocol (DLC) – Available through Microsoft Windows 2000, Windows NT, Windows 95, and Windows 98, this protocol enables communications with an IBM mainframe or minicomputer. device address — Same as physical address. Domain Name Service (DNS) – A TCP/IP application protocol that resolves domain and computer names to IP addresses; or IP addresses to domain and computer names. dotted decimal notation – An addressing technique that uses four octets, such as 100000110.11011110.1100101.00000101, converted to decimal (e.g., 134.22.101.005), to differentiate individual servers, workstations, and other network devices. dynamic addressing – An addressing method where an IP (Internet Protocol) address is assigned to a workstation without the need for the network administrator to manually set it up at a workstation. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) – A network protocol that provides a way for a server to automatically assign an IP address to a workstation on its network. enterprise network – A network that often reaches throughout a large area, such as a college campus, a city, or across several states. The main distinguishing factor of an enterprise network is that it brings together an array of network resources such as many kinds of servers, mainframes, intranets, printers, and the Internet. Ethernet – A network transport system that uses a carrier sensing and collision detection method to regulate data transmissions. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – Available through the TCP/IP protocol, FTP enables files to be transferred across a network or the Internet between computers or servers. LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

KeyTerms LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343 frame – A unit of data that is transmitted on a network that contains control and address information, but not routing information. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) – A protocol in the TCP/IP suite that transports HTML documents over the Internet (and through intranets) for access by Web compliant browsers. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) – A TCP/IP-based protocol that is used for network error reporting, particularly through routing devices. Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) – Part of the TCP/IP protocol suite, the protocol that is used in multicasting and which contains addresses of clients. It is used by the server to tell a router which clients belong to the multicast group. Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) — A protocol developed by Novell for use with its NetWare server operating system (see Sequence Packet Exchange). local area network (LAN) – A series of interconnected computers, printers, and other computer equipment that share hardware and software resources. The service area is usually limited to a given floor, office area, or building. media access control (MAC) sublayer – A network communications function that examines physical address information in frames and controls the way devices share communications on a network metropolitan area network (MAN) – A network that links multiple LANs within a large city or metropolitan region. NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI) – A communication protocol native to Microsoft network communications. It is an enhancement of NetBIOS, which was developed for network peer-to-peer communications among workstations with Microsoft operating systems installed on a local area network. NetWare Link (NWLink) – A network protocol that simulates the IPX/SPX protocol for Microsoft Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, and Windows 2000 communications with Novell NetWare file servers and compatible devices. Network Basic Input/Output System (NetBIOS) – A combination software interface and a network naming convention. It is available in Microsoft operation systems through the file, NetBIOS.dll. network binding – A process that links a computer’s network interface card or a dial-up connection with one or more network protocols to achieve optimum communications with network services. For Microsoft operating systems, you should always bind a protocol to each NIC that is installed. Network Device Interface Specification (NDIS) – A set of standards developed by Microsoft for network drivers that enables communication between a NIC and a protocol; and that enables the use of multiple protocols on the same network. Open Datalink Interface (ODI) — A driver that is used by Novell NetWare networks to transport multiple protocols on the same network. Open Shortest Path First (OSFP) protocol – A TCP/IP-based routing protocol that can evaluate network paths and match a type of transmission, such as data or video, to the appropriate network path. packet – A unit of data that is transmitted on a network that contains control and address information as well routing information. physical address – Also called a device address, a unique hexadecimal number associated with a device’s network interface card. protocol – A strictly defined set of rules for communication across a network that specifies how networked data is formatted for transmission, how it is transmitted, and how it is interpreted at the receiving end. LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343

Key Terms LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343 Quality of Service (QoS) – Mechanisms used to measure and allocate network resources on the basis of transmission speed, quality, throughput, and reliability. Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) – Enables an application to reserve the network resources it needs, such as network paths with higher speeds. router – A device that connects networks, that can read IP addresses, and that can route packets to designated networks because it reads routing information in packets (Layer 3) and keeps tables of information about the fastest route from one network to another. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) – A TCP/IP-based protocol that enables routing devices to share information about a network. Sequence Packet Exchange (SPX) — A Novell connection-oriented protocol used for network transport when there is a particular need for data reliability (see Internet Packet Exchange). Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) – An e-mail protocol used by systems having TCP/IP network communications. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) – A TCP/IP-based protocol that enables servers, workstations, and network devices to gather standardized data about network performance and identify problems. static addressing – An IP (Internet Protocol) addressing method that requires the network administrator to manually assign and set up a unique network address on each workstation connected to a network. subnet mask – A designated portion of an IP address that is used to indicate the class of addressing on a network and to divide a network into subnetworks as a way to control traffic and enforce security. Telnet – A TCP/IP application protocol that provides terminal emulation services. token ring – Using a ring topology, a network transport method that passes a token from node to node. The token is used to coordinate transmission of data, because only the node possessing the token can send data. topology – The physical layout of the cable and the logical path followed by network packets and frames sent on the cable. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) – A protocol that is particularly well suited for medium and large networks. The TCP portion was originally developed to ensure reliable connections on government, military, and educational networks. It performs extensive error checking to ensure data is delivered successfully. The IP portion consists of rules for packaging data and ensuring it reaches the correct destination address. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – A protocol used with IP as an alternative to TCP and that offers low-overhead connectionless communications. wide area network (WAN) – A far reaching system of networks that can extend across state lines and across continents. Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) – A Windows 2000 Server service that enables the server to convert NetBIOS workstation names to IP addresses for Internet communications. LastUpdated 20040321 P. Kyser TCM343